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10_20 OBGYN

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Question
Answer
on US what measurements most accurate for est GA   ~6-10 or 12 wks use crown rump, 12-18 use biparietal  
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determination of pregnancy--cut off hCG   25mU/ml  
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how polyhydramnios defined? Oligo?   AFI>25 it's poly, if <5 it's oligo  
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where is top of fundus if 16wk? 20wk?   1/2 pubis to umbilicus for 16wk, at umbilicus for 20wk  
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causes of symmetric IUGR   usu insult in 1st trimester, due to fetal problems, ie aneuploidy or early infxn  
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causes of asymmetric IUGR and when occur   insult occurs >20wks, placental problems incl HTN and poor nutrition  
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reasons why fundal size may be too small   1) fetal (IUGR, fetal demise), 2) amniotic fluid (oligohydramios)  
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reasons for 2nd trimester loss   usu maternal, 1) uterine duplication, septum or submucous leiomyoma, 2) incompetent cervix  
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placental causes for fetal demise   abruptio placenta, infxn not allowing O2 xchg, macrosomia in DM outgrowing placenta  
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how dx antiphospholipid syndrome   need 1 of history: venous thrombosis, PE, stroke, reptd preg losses, fetal demise, and 1 of labs: cardiolipin Abs, lupus anticoag, incrsd PTT  
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what labs indicate anti phospholipid syndrome   cardiolipin Abs, lupus anticoag, incrsd PTT  
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if fetal demise in late 2nd tri--what do   need to induce labor (earlier can do D&C in 1st tri, D&E in 2nd tri)  
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describe hydatiform mole types and cxns   1) Complete (MC): 2 sperms w egg w/o a nucleus=46XX all from dad. Grape like vesicles w/o a fetus. 20% malignancy; 2) Incomplete: 2 sperms w nml egg->69XXY. No vesicles, fetus present, 5% malignancy  
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which hydatiform mole is more concerning for cancer   complete (46XX all from dad)  
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clinical findings suggestive of hydatiform mole   bleeding <16wks (MC), pre eclampsia <20wks, severe hyperemesis, new onset hyperthyroid, very high bHCG  
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if uterus larger than dates and bHCG very high, think…   hydatiform mole  
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US showing snowstorm pattern, unrecognizable detail of gestational sac…think   hydatiform mole  
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what w/u needed for hydatiform mole   bHCG for f/u, CXR to check for mets, D&C, need to make sure on contraception and follow bHCG ea mo for 1 yr if benign or good px malignant, 5 yrs if poor px malignant  
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when use chemo in hydatiform mole? Which agent?   malignant dz or recurrent dz, use MTX or actinomycin  
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sites of ectopic preg   MC is oviduct (95%), then uterine cornu, then abd  
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risk factors for ectopic preg   salpingitis (MC), previous ectopic preg, tubal ligation/sx, IUD  
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clinical findings suggestive of ectopic preg   amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, abd pain incl cervical motion tenderness or adnexal tenderness  
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cut offs for bHCG and US=ectopic preg   if bHCG>1500 and no gestational sac visualized  
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what are good px factors for gestationl tropho tumor   low bCHG (<40000) and mets to lung or pelvis (not brain or liver)  
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what are screening tools for Downs   1st tri=PAPP, nuchal translucency, and mAFP, 2nd tri=triple screen/quad screen  
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causes of high MSAFP   neural tube, ventral wall, renal…twins and placental bleeding gives false high  
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what quad screen would suggest Downs   hi bHCG and inhibin, low MSAFP, estriol  
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what PAPP value suggests Downs   low along w high bHCG  
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what constitutes a negative CST   no late deccels w 3 cxns in 10min  
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what 5 parameters are measured in a BPP   NST reactivity, gross mvmts, extremity tone (flexion/extension), breathing, AFI  
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if 4-6 on a BPP what should you do   deliver if 36wks or grtr, rept in 24hr if <36wks  
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what constitutes a reactive NST   accels (2 in 20min)  
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glucola amt and when can dx with frank GDM w/o 3hr   50g glucose, if blood glucose in 1hr >140 is cut off do 3hr; can dx w/o 3hr if single fasting 110 or grtr or was 200 on glucola  
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amt of glu given and cut offs for 3hr GTT   100g given, cut offs: 95/180/155/140 [only need 2 abnml]  
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management of mild PreE   Mg during labor and 24 hr postpartum, keep DBP 90-100, give steroids <34wk, antenatal BPP/AFI and grwth q 3wks (need to check bc IUGR counts as sPreE), c linic q1 wk; once 37wk deliver  
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management of sPreE   in patient, at 23-32wks can do expectant management as long as no end organ damage, >32 wks deliver  
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management of HELLP   stabilize pt and deliver--can't manage  
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management of preterm labor   tocolytics (Mg, terbutaline), steroids if 24-34 (24-28wks decrs risk IVH, 28-34 decrs RDS and help lung maturation)  
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cut offs for UTI   100K CFU if midstream, 10K if cath  
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incidence of twin w spontaneous ovulation and fertility tx   1:90 spontaneous, 1:10 if clomiphene, 1:3 if gonadotropins  
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causes of 3rd tri bleeding (PainLESS and PainFUL)   PainLESS: placenta previa, vasa previa; PainFUL: abruptio placenta, uterine rupture  
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what's MC OB cause of DIC   abruptio placenta  
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ROM leading to VB and fetal brady cardia, diagnosis is?   vasa previa  
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what features make preE severe?   if BP 160/110, 5g protein in 24hr, Cr 1.2, plt <100K, hemolysis (ie incrsd LDH), incrsd ALT/AST or sympt of epigastric pain, persistent HA, visual disturbances  
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which preE/gHTN pts are most likely to develop HTN later?   gHTN (NOT preE)  
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medical problems put at risk for preE? Demographics?   DM, cHTN, renal dz, SLE (vascular or connective tissue dz); demographics: nullip, age<20 or >34  
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contraindications for expectant management or preE   plts <100,000, DBP >100 on 2 anti-HTN, non reassuring fetal signs, LFTS>2x nml, eclampsia, CNS sympt, and oliguria  
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name criteria for DM B, C, D   B: onset <20 duration <10; C: 10-19, duration 10-19; D: <10, >20, vascular cxns  
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what are the White cxns letters for end organ damage   F=nephropathy, R=proliferative retinopathy, T=renal transplant, H=heart disease (Athero)  
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what electrolyte disturbances can see in neonate of DM mother   hypoCa+ bc of immature parathyroid (+ hypogly)  
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what are goals for glu while in preg   fasting <90, 1hr <140, 2hr <140  
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what are doses of insulin for DM in preg by trimester   0.8U/kg for 1st tri, 1.0 for 2nd, 1.2 for 3rd  
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how are insulin doses distributed   2/3 in am and 1/3 in eve, in am give 2/3 NPH and 1/3 regular, in eve 1/2 and 1/2  
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besides control of glu with Rx, what other Rx do DM need   4mg/d of folate bc incrsd risk of neural tube  
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at what EFW do c/s in DM? non DM?   if baby EFW >4.5kg but >5kg in non DM  
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when do antenatal testing in DM   if insulin dependent, macrosomia, or h/o still birth start testing at 32wk w NST and AFI 2x/wk  
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how tx pyelo in preg   need IV Abx until afebrile and CVA tenderness resolves, then 14d of oral and need to retest urine. Rx: cefotetan or ceftriax OR amp and gent  
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what are lab findings for acute cholestasis of preg   incrsd bile acids, +/- ALT/AST and pruritis  
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tx for acute cholestasis of preg   ursodeoxycholic acid (helps bile flow) w cholestyramine (prevents bile reabsorption) and anti His  
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tx of Graves during preg   use methimazole or PTU to make mom euthyroid--maternal IgG cross placenta  
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what syndrome can appear like acute cholestasis of preg   PUPP=pruritic uriticarial papules and plaques of preg--but these appear perimbulical and don't affect preg  
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management of the preg if cholestasis is present   if severe deliver 36wks if fetal lung matures, if not severe deliver by 38  
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tx PUPP   steroids and anti His  
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what's presentation ?   which part of baby is presenting over os, ie cephalic  
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what's attitude ?   if chin of baby is flexed (MC) or extended  
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what's position ?   portion of baby ag pelvis, MC occiput anterior  
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what parameters define sinusoidal tracing   sinusoidal pattern w freq 3-5min and lasts >20min  
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what causes variable decels? Early decels? Late decels?   variable=cord compression, early=head compression, late=uteroplacental insuffic  
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what makes cat I tracing   FHR 110-160, moderate variability, no late or variable decels, may have early decels  
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cat III tracing   absent variability AND ANY of : recurrent late or variable decels, bradycardia  
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what are indication for c/s   nonreassuring FHT, prev c/s or myomectomy, arrest of labor, placental abnmlties, abnml presentation +/- mltpl gestations  
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what are the 5 cardinal mvmts of labor   EDFIEERE=engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, expulsion  
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3 stages of labor   1 latent=(Effacement), ends w accel of cervical dilation ~4-5; 1 active=cardinal mvmts of labor begin, ends w complete dilation; Stage 2=descent (ends w delivery of baby); Stage 3=expulsion, delivery of placenta  
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times for ea stage of labor   1 latent=14 for multipara, 20 for primi; 1 active=1.2cm/hr for primi, 1.5 for multi; 2=2 hr primi, 1 hr for multi +1hr if epidural; 3=30min  
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tx of prolonged latent phase   ambulation or sedation, avoid oxytocin or c/s  
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tx of prolonged active   oxytocin if ctx inadequate  
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w/o IUPC how can tell if ctx are inadequate   if last less than 45 sec and <3 in 10min  
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how define prolonged 2nd stage   (from complete dilation to delivery of baby=descent), >2hrs of active pushing if primi or 1 hr multip (+1 epidural)  
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criteria for PTL   20-37wks GA, ctxs (3 lasting 30 sec in 20min), resulting in cervical change (dilation or effacement) **have to have all of these, can't just be having ctxs  
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when deliver someone w PROM   deliver right away: lungs mature (ie lecithin: sphingo >2 or + phosphatidylglycerol), chorio (ie maternal F unexplained), non reassuring FHT/BPP  
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if PROM and >36 wks   deliver, may need to ripen cervix before IOL  
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if PROM and <36wks how manage   goal prolong preg: bed rest w DVT prophylaxis, steroid for lung maturity if <32 wks, Abx after swab for GBS (they give even if GBS -); monitor w NST/BPP and deliver immed if non reassuring  
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tocolytic agents and who you CAN't use them in   Mg (don't use in myasthenia gravis), b adrenergic (terbutaline, ritodrine, don't use in DM bc incrs glu), indomethacin (don't use >32wks bc close PDA), CCB (nifedipine)  
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tx uterine atony, when can't use certain agents   uterine massage, oxytocin, methylergonovine (methergine), PGF2/carboprost **can't use methergine in HTN or PreE, can't use carboprost in asthmatics  
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etiology of fever after c/s depending on POD   POD 0=wind (atelectasis), 1-2=water UTI, 2-3=womb endometriosis, 4-5=wound, 5-6 walk incl septic pelvic thrombophlebitis  
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2 MC cause of painful genital ulcers   HSV (MC) and chancroid (H Ducreyi)  
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tx for chancroid   azithro or ceftriax (same as for gonorrhea)  
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MC painless genital ulcers   syphillis, lymphogranuloma venereum (from C trachomatis L type--rare in US), granuloma inguinale (donovanosis-rare in US)  
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describe lymphogranuloma venereum (from C trachomatis L type)   painless vulvar ulcer that heals, then painful inguinal LAD, these LN rupture become draining abscesses or fistulas ( groove sign =depression bw groops of inguinal LAD)  
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treatment of lymophogranuloma venereum   doxy 21d or erythro 3-6wks, drain fluctulant LN so don't burst  
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beefy red painless vulvar ulcer--think what?   granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)  
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tx for granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)   doxycycline or bactrim 21 d  
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tx for condyloma acuminatum   podophyllin, TCA, imiquimod (no systemic tx available)  
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tx for chlamydia, gonorrhea   chlamydia: azithro 1 dose PO or doxy 7d; gonorrhea: ceftriaxone IM 1x or azithro 1 dose + NEED TX chlamydia  
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tx of PID   if outpatient 14 d of ceftriax or cefoxitin and add metronidazole if suspect anaerobes [I've also seen ceftriax + doxy]  
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3 causes of vaginal discharge and how to differentiate   bac vaginosis, candida, trichomonas vaginitis  
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tx trichomonas vaginitis   metronidazole (same as bac vaginosis but need to treat sex partner)  
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types of abnml placenta attachment   previa=att is near or covering os, accreta=attach to myometrium, increta=goes through myometrium, percreta=to uterine serosa  
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tx for stress incontinence   kegel exercises, urethroplexy (move urethra up back into pelvic cavity)  
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tx for urge incontinence   antichol (oxybutinin, ie ditropan and tolterodine (detrol)), propantheline ( Pro-Bantheline ), B adrenergic (Ursipas)  
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contrast sympt for difft types of incontinence   stress: small amts urine w cough/sneeze, not at night, cystometry nml; urge: detrusor ctx involuntarily w larger amts urine, incl at night but can occur cough/sneeze, cystometry hypertonic bladder; hypotonic: constantly lose small amts day and night  
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tx of hypotonic   cholinergic (bethanecol), a adrenergic blocker (phenoxybenzamine)  
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3 common sympt of endometriosis   dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, constipation  
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tx of endometriosis   progestin, OCPs  
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describe adneomyosis, sympt, treatment   endometrial glands and stroma in myometrial wall (ie type of endometriosis) w cyclic bleeding (dysmenorrhea or menorrhagia), tx=hysterectomy  
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risks for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer   unopposed estrogen (nulliparity, late menopause), DM, HTN, obesity  
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tx endometrial hyperplasia   if w/o atypia cyclic progestins may reverse it, would need f/u bx 3-6mos; if done w childbearing do hysterectomy  
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what can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei   mucinous cystadenoma of ovary  
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risks for ovarian cancer   BRCA gene, fam hx, grtr  
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tx for fibrocystic breast   reduce caffeine, vit E, OCPs, bromocriptine, tamoxifen  
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4 types of malignant breast tumors   infiltrating ductal (MC 80%), infiltrating lobular (more often bilateral and better px), inflammatory, Pagets  
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what's the diff simple mastectomy v modified radical   modified radical also take axillary nodes [radical is when also remove chest wall mscl, don't do that anymore]  
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what tx if hormone receptor + (ie estrogen, progesterone)   tx w tamoxifen (selective estrogen receptor modulator)  
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absolute contraindication to OCPs   CVS: any thromboembolic event, CAD; Cancer: breast, endomet, melanoma; Liver: abnml LFTs, liver tumor; undiagnosed uterine bleeding  
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relative contraindication to OCPs   DM, SC, HTN, hyperlipidemia, migraines, depression, smoking, >35yo  
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how OCPs effect risks for cancers   decrsd risk of endometrial and ovarian and colon, incrsd cervical and maybe breast cancer as well as CAD and thromboembolic dz  
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subQ progestin names, advantages   Jadelle/Implanon/Norplant, rapid return of fertility s/p removal  
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what are signs/sympt of placental abruption   uterine tachysystole, VB, FHR very high w sinusoidal pattern (fetal anemia)  
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if PTL and mom has F   look for source of infxn, incl intramnionic--so don't give steroids until r/o intramniotic infxn  
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when is fetal fibronectin helpful   24-34wk, in sympt women >95% that won't deliver in next 14d  
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smoking puts at risk for   placenta abruption, placenta previa, fetal grwth restriction, preE, infxn  
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when is cerclage usu placed   12-16wks  
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when is cerclage usu removed   37wks  
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tx of mastitis   dicloxacillin  
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paper thin, bluish vulva, most likely dx? How dx? Tx?   most likely lichen sclerosis seen in post menopause w itching, dx w bx, tx w clobestrol  
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what differentiate lichen sclerosis from, how tx the two?   squamos hyperplasia which has more white, firm, cartilaginous lesion and tx w steroids (v high dose clobestrol for lichen sclerosis)  
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tx PCOS? What if want to be preg?   OCPs, progestin (also wgt loss and if want preg use clomphene +/- metformin)  
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what ovarian tumors can cause elevated androgens   Sertoli-Leydig and hilar cell  
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Cushing's disease: how respond to dexamethasone test   suppressed by low doses but not high doses  
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how tx hereditary hirsutism, how does it work   spironolactone; inhibits 5alpha reductase in hair follicle which causes terminal differentiation of the hair follicle  
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pale areola and blind pouch vagina--dx? Tx?   androgen insensitivity; need to remove intra-abdominal testicles  
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irreg VB PP continues for >4-6wks, think? Test for?   gestational troph neoplasia, test bHCG if above nml its choriocarcinoma or trophoblastic tumor  
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how is tx of breast cancer different for preg woman   same exc no radiation at all during preg and no chemo during 1st tri, can undergo surgery  
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order of puberty   thelarche (breast), adrenarche (pubic/axillary hair), then hgt wgt and then menarche  
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treatments for osteoporosis   alendronate (fosamax, a biphosphanate), or raloxifene (SERM where estrogen agonist in bone but antagonist in breast and endometrium)  
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what's the diff bw true and pseduo precocious puberty   true or central=gonadotropin, just the hypothal-pituit-ovarian axis is activated early; pseudo or peripheral=estrogen comes from ovaries but not from gonadotropins  
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ex of pseudo precocious puberty   McCune Albright, granulosa cell tumor of ovary  
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what type of tumor has high AFP   yolk sac  
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if abnml pap, when do need to do colpo in preg? What can't do?   CIN1 can be deferred till PP, HGSIL or smthg like that should have colpo--can do everything exc ECC  
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what progesterone level indicates nml IUP   >25, if <5 then nonviable preg  
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cytotec aka   misprostol  
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tx for shoulder dystocia   try McRoberts where flex mom's thighs ag abdomen w suprapubic pressure, also corkscrew 180 degrees  
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painLESS 3rd tri bleeding think   placenta previa  
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amenorrhea PP and low thyroid, think   Sheehan's=infarct of pit leading to low thyr, FSH/LH, cortisol (ACTH is from pituitary along w TSH)  
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tx of PE in preg   IV heparin 5-7 days, then 3mos subQ and low dose heparin for remainder of preg and up to 4wk PP  
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when steroids given for pts going into labor? What does it help w at difft GA?   steroids if 24-34 (24-28wks decrs risk IVH, 28-34 decrs RDS and help lung maturation)  
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what need to check while preg pt on Mg   UOP (since excreted by kidney), pul edema/respir depression, loss of DTR  
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which ovarian tumors secrete estrogen? Androgen?   estrogen=granulosa cell; androgen=Sertoli-Leydig  
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how differentiate mullerian agenesis and androgen insensitivity   both have absent uterus, blind vagina, & nml breast, but mullerian often has renal abnmlties, should have nml testosterone and nml pubic hair (androgen insensitiv has decrsd)  
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1ry amenorrhea think   Turner but be sure to check preg test  
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MC time for mastitis and how treat   3-4wks PP, tx w dicloxacillin  
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tx endometritis   gent and clinda [I've also seen amp and gent listed]  
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how difft HELLP and acute fatty liver of preg   if have renal damage w elevated Cr and coag then its acute fatty liver of preg  
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what do if bHCG isn't rising properly   do a D&C, if see chorionic villi then it was a miscarriage, if don't see chorionic villi then likely ectopic and consider MTX  
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what do if bHCG is high enough that should see gestational sac, and yet don't   very likely ectopic preg, consider laparoscopy  
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in woman w prev c/s, what would be most worrisome for placenta accreta   if 3x c/s and placenta previa, ~40% will have placenta accreta and tx is hysterectomy!  
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hormones altered in Sheehans   low TSH, low prolactin, low FSH and LH [remember GnRH is from hypothal]  
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how do OCPs help endometriosis   suppresses hypothal axis so less estrogen is produced  
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when must treat PID as inpatient   Temp >38.5, nulliparity, IUD, HIV, preg, poor f/u, teenager,e tc  
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w/u if ASCUS and no HPV testing   rept pap q4-6mos until 2x nml, if 2nd abnml then colpo  
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what screen for in Ashkenazi jew   Fanconi anemia, Tay-Sachs, CF, and Niemann-Pick (all AR, Tay Sach MC)  
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how OCPs help w PMS   endometrial atrophy leads to less prostaglandins  
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how manage ASCUS depending on HPV   if HPV - do 1 yr f/u pap, if + do colpo  
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ASCUS-H management   do colpo, ECC  
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AGCUS management   colpo, ECC, EMB  
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LGIS management   colpo, if CIN2 can wait if CIN3 LEEP  
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when use cryo in cervical dysplasia   persistent CIN1 (2yrs)  
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when use CKC   CIS, adeno in situ  
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