Prentice Hall Miller/Levine Chapter 2 Biology
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| Atom | Basic unit of matter
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| Nucleus of an Atom | Made up of subatomic particles - protons and neutrons
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| Electron | Negatively charged particle in orbit around atom
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| Proton | Heavy positively charged particle in Nucleus
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| Neutron | Heavy neutrally charged particle in Nucleus
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| Element | Pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
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| Atomic Number of an element | equal to the number of protons
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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| Properties of an Element | Determined by the number of electrons
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| Radioactive Isotopes | Elements that have unstable nuclei that breakdown at a constant rate over time
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| Compound | substance formed by the CHEMICAL combination of 2 or more elements, e.g. Water, H2O, or Salt, NaCl
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| Types of Bonds | Ionic and Covalent
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| Ionic Bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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| Covalent Bond | formed when electrons are shared between atoms
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| Molecule | smallest unit of a compound
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| Van der Waals Forces | the slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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| Polarity of a molecule (Water) | caused by an uneven distribution of electrons betweem atoms
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| Cohesion | atttraction between molecules of the same substance - causes water to bead together
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| Adhesion | atttraction between molecules of different substances. Causes Capillary action
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| Mixtures | Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but NOT chemically combined
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| Kinds of Mixtures | Solutions and Suspensions
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| Solution | mixture where all the components of the solution are EVENLY combined
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| Suspension | Mixture where all components are not fully disolved or combined
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| Ion | A positively or negatively charged element due to the loss or gain of an electron
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| PH | Scale to measure the strength of acids and bases
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| Acid | any compound that forms a higher conventration of H+ ions in solution (PH < 7)
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| Base | any compound that forms a lower concentration of H+ ions (higher OH- ions)in solution (PH > 7)
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| Buffers | weak acids and bases that interact with strong acids and bases to maintain homeostasis
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| Monomer | Small units joined together to form polymers
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| Polymers | macromolecules formed by the joining of monomers
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| Polymerization | process used to form macromolecules
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| 4 Type of compounds in living things | Carbohydrates,Lipids,Nucleic Acids, Protiens
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| Carbohydrates | Made up of Carbon and Hydrogen, used as a source of energy and for structural purposes
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| Monosaccharides | Basic sugar molecules, eg. glucous
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| Polysaccharides | Macromolecule fromed from monosaccharides used to store excess sugar
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| Lipids | Carbon and Hydrogen compounds of fatty acids and glycerol used to stire energy and for bioloigical membranes and waterproof coverings
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| Nucleic Acids | Polymers of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,Oxygen, PHOSPHOROUS - Compounds that store and transmit hereditary or genetic information (RNA,DNA)
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| Protiens | Polymers of Amino Acids of Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen and NITROGEN used to regulate cell processes and form bone an muscle, or transport substances in/out of cells to fight diseases. Amino acids always have NH2 at the end of the chain
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| Chemical Reaction | Changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by breaking of old bonds and forming new bonds
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| Reactants | elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
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| Spontaneous reations | Chemical reactions that release energy
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| Non-spontaneous reactions | Chemical reactions that require energy to take place
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| Energy Absorbing Reactions | Reactions whose ending energy is higher than its starting energy
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| Energy Releasing Reactions | Reactions whose ending energy is lower than its starting energy
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| Activation energy | The energy needed to start a chemical reaction - Measured from the starting point to the highest peak in the energy graph
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| Catalyst | substances which speed up chemical reactions
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| Enzymes | Protiens that are biological catalysts - speeding up reaction that take place in cells
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| Enzyme Graph | Shows two reaction graphs one with lower activation energy casued by Enzyme catalyst
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| Substrates | The reactants of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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| Active Site | location where substrates (reactants) and enzymes bind
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| Acidic Solutions | contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water with a PH < 7
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| Basic Solutions | contain lower concentrations of H+ ions (more OH- ions) than pure water with a PH > 7
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| Capillary Action | a force against gravity which enables water to rise in a tube or in plant roots. Caused by ADHESION - or the attraction betwen Water and the molecules of the glass or roots.
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