Equine Cushing's-Pharm Repro
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| The onset of equine obesity is seen by what age? | 7-9 yrs old
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| With an obese equid, by what age is insulin resistance seen? | 11-12 yrs old
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| In an equid that is obese and suffering from insulin resistance, by what age do they typically develop Cushing's disease (PPID)? | 18-20 yrs old
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| While corticotrophinomas are typically produced in canines and humans that develop Cushing's disease, what type of tumors develop in equids and where? | melanotrophinomas; intermediate lobe of pituitary gland
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| what are the prop-opiomelanocortin-peptides? | ACTH, alpha MSH, Beta endorpin, CLIP
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| the pars intermedia of the eqine pituitary has what type of innervation that leads to the production/stimulation of the pro-opiomelanocortin-peptides? | serotonergic
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| what type of innervation is there to the pars intermedia that "checks" the serotonergic innervation? | dopaminergic
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| when are the melanotrophes of the pars intermedia normally highly stimulated by serotonergic innervation? | Fall (gearing up for winter)
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| how does equine cushing's effect the melanotrophes of the pars intermedia? | blocks the domaminergic innervation and allows the serotonergic innervation to act without being "checked"
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| what type of disease is equine cushings? | neurodegeneration of the Hypothalamus (not usually the case in dogs and humans)
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| how does the pars intermedia lose dopaminergic influence? | we see melanotrophe hypersecretion leading to clonal expansion of the cells leading to compression of the pars nervosa and hypothalamus causing an excess secretion of POMC's
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| what are some clincial signs of equine cushing's disease? | Inappropriate hirsutism, Laminitis, pu/pd, Abnormal body condition (Loss of muscle, Abnormal fat deposits), Excessive sweating, Behavioral change, Lowered fertility, Perturbed vision, Impaired wound healing, Osteoporosis,Galactorrhea, Immunosuppression
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| what are two specific endocrine tests to test for equine cushing's disease? | Dexamethasone suppression test; Resting plasma eACTH assay
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| how much dexamethasone do you administer to horse when performing a dexamethasone suppression test and by what route? | 0.04mg/kg, IV
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| what is the main treatment option for equine cushing's disease? | pergolide; 0.5-3.0mg PO, SID
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| during what period of sexual reproduction would you use drugs to disrupt pregnancy? | Implantation/Attachment of egg--> fetal development
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| what parts of the brain produce sex hormones? | pineal gland, hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pitutary gland
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| what other structures produce sex hormones? | the gonads, uterus, embryo, fetus, placenta
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| what are the different classes of sex hormones? | indole amines, catecholamines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, arachadonic acid derivatives
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| what are the reproductive hormones that are produced in the brain? | melatonin, dopamine, GnRH, Gonadatropins, Prolactin, oxytocin
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| what are the reproductive hormones that are produced from the gonads? | androgens, estrogen, progestens
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| what type of hormone is prostaglanding and what is its function? | 20C fatty acid, arachadonic acid derivative; regresses the corpus luteum at the end of a non-fertile estrous cycle or at end of gestation
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| what type of hormone is testosterone and what is its function? | androgen; regulate the production of sperm
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| what is the function of estrogen? | regulates sexual receptivity in females
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| what is the role of progesterone? | regulate sexual nonreceptivity in females and help maintain pregnancy
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| what type of hormone is melatonin, where is it produced and what does it do? | indole amine; pineal gland; regulates GnRH release
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| what type of hormone is dopamine and what does it do? | catacholamine; suppresses prolactin
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| what type of hormone is GnRH, where is it produced and what does it do? | peptide hormone; hypothalamus; regulates synthesis and release of gonadatropins by anterior pituitary gland
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| what are the two gonadatopins? what type of hormones are they, where are they produced and what do they do? | LH and FSH; glycoprotein hormones; anterior pituitary; regulate function of testes and ovaries
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| what type of hormone is prolactin, where is it produced and what does it do? | protein hormone, anterior pituitary gland, regulates milk production
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| what type of hormone is oxytocin, where is it produced and what does it do? | peptide; posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions and "milk letdown"
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| during what phase of the estrous cycle is the animal in estrus (heat)? what horomone dominates? | late follicular; estrogen
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| during what phase of the estrous cycle is metestrous and what hormones are associated with this phase? | late follicular to early luteal (going out of heat), Decreasing estrogen and Increasing Progesterone
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| What phase of the estrous cycle is diestrus and what horomones dominates with this phase? What characateristics will the female display? | Late luteal; Progesterone; Out of heat and possibly pregnant and non-receptive to mating
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| What phase of the estrous cycle is proestrus and what hormones are associated with it? what characteristics are displayed? | Early Follicular; Increasing Estrogen, decreasing progesterone; animal is coming into heat and not pregnant so may display receptivity to breeding
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| what steroid hormone is produced by the follicle? | estrogen
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| what steroid hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? | progesterone
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| when the progesterone from the CL decreases, what happens to GnRH? | it increases
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| an increase in GnRH stimulates what? | LH and FSH
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| an increase in LH and FSH stimulates what to happen? | proestrual follicular development
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| as the follicle develops, what hormonal responses are seen? | an increase in inhibin causes a decrease in FSH; an increase in estradiol to threshold causes a preovulatory LH surge
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| what is the average length of the estrous cycle? | 21 days
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| What causes leuteolysis? | the absence of a conceptus or embyro
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| what causes regression of the CL? | PGF2a
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| What are some of the features of estrous unique to cow? | Ovulation occurs after the end of standing estrus; juxaposition of ovarian artery and uterine vein results in very little PGF2α reaching the systemic circulation and being rapidly metabolized in the lungs
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| What are some of the features of estrous unique to dog? | Ovulation of 1° oocyte; LH peak with decreasing E2 and increasing P4 at the beginning of estrus; no metestrus; prolactin is luteotrophic
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| What are some of hte features of estrous unique to cat? | induced ovulators
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| what are some of the features of estrous unique to horses? | As compared to cattle, much more PGF2α reaches the systemic circulation in horse; very limited pulmonary metabolism of PGF2α
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| in order for parturition to occur, what needs to happen? | mature fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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| which animals are year round polyestrus? | bovine, felines, porcine
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| which anials are seasonally polyestrus during long days? | equine
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| which animals are seasonally polyestrus during short days? | ovine and caprine
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| which animasl are monestrus? | canine
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| human chorionic gonadatropin is most similar to what hormone in animals? | works like LH
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| Equine chorionic gonadatropins is most similar to what hormone in other animals? | FSH
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| how is HCG used in animals? | induce ovulation, treat cystic ovaries, early treatment of cryptorchidism
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| in swine, HCG and ECG are used how? | induce estrous cycles
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| in feline, HCG and ECG are used how? | to treat pseudopregnancy
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| what are all of the uses of oxytocin? | Primarily affects mammary gland and uterus, Causes milk let down, Induction of parturition, Treatment of retained fetal membranes, Treatment of endometritis (in mares, mating-induced persistent endometritis)
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| what are all of the uses of PGF2a? | Estrus/ovulation synchronization, Induction of abortion/parturition, Treatment of retained fetal membranes, Treatment of endometritis (in mares, mating-induced persistent endometritis)
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| what species would you NOT use dinoprost (synthetic PGF2a) in? | camelids
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| what do you have to remember, as a human, handling PGF2a and its analogs? | absorbed through skin
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| what are the uses of estrogen in animals? | Uterine infection (metritis) in cattle; enhance uterine involution (somewhat dated), Induction of abortion/parturition/mismating, Treatment of retained fetal membranes, Urinary incontinence and perianaladenoma in dogs
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| what are the uses of progestins? | Estrus suppression, Pregnancy maintenance, Estrus/ovulation synchronization protocols, Predisposition to endometritis/pyometra, Masculinization of female fetus, especially in dogs
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| what are the two commercially available prostaglandins and which is a PGF2a and which is synthetic? | dinoprost (PGF2a); Cloprostenol (synthetic)
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| what are the trade names of synthetic gonadotorpin releasing hormones? | gonadorelin, desorelin
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| what are some analogs of progestagens? | megestrol acetate, ovaban, altrenogest (regu-mate), melengestrol acetate (MGA)
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| what is the traditional use of PGF2a? | estrus induction and synchronization
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| would giving injections of PGF2a b/t days 0 and 6 of the estrous cycle induce estrus? | No b/c animal already in estrus
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| would giving injections of PGF2a b/t days 7 and 17 of the estrous cycel induce estrus? | Yes, within 3 days of injections b/c estrous cycle dominated by progesterone and would shorten the time in diestrus
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| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 1 invovles injecting the animal with PGF2a. What does this do? | the injection causes lysis of the CL and will allow the cow to have a new ovulation and form a new CL
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| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 2 involves injecting the animal with PGF2a 14d after the first dose. What does this do? | causes lysis of the new CL so that a new follicular phase can start
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| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 3 involves an injection of GnRH given 12d after the second PGF2a injection. What does this do? | either causes ovulation of dominant follicle or causes continued growth of the growing follicle depending on whether the cow responded to the first or second PGF2a injections
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| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 4 involves an injection of PGF2a 7d after the GnRH injection. what does it do? | either to lyse the new CL that is growing after the ovulation or lyse the "old" or "new" CL causing the cow to enter the follicular phase
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| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 5 involves an injection of GnRH 2 d after the PGF2a injection. what does this do? | to cause ovulation of the dominant follicle
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| After this 5 step protocol when do you inseminate the cow? how long after the last GnRH injection? | 16hrs post GnRH injection
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| Mibolerone is an androgen/5a reductase inhibitor used in canines for?? | birth control
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| what do 5a-reductase inhibitors do? | prevent the conversion of testosterone to DHT and used for benign prostatic hypertrophy
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| antigestins do what? what is the trade name? | prevent progesterone from binding receptors; mifeprestone
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| 3B-HSD do what? what is the trade name? | prevent progesterone synthesis; epostane
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