Adaptability of the Nervous System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| show | Microvariations/error
🗑
|
||||
| How do we learn a new movement | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | In the central pattern generator
🗑
|
||||
| show | Simplify the task into parts
Go slow/optimum speed
Co-contract the antagonist to stabilize
Limit variables/stimulus (clutter)
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 5 main types of glia, and their function? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal, limbic
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 types of task practice, what kinds of activities are they good for training? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The relay of info to the brain, regulation of vital functions like breathing, conciousness, and body temp
🗑
|
||||
| What are the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord responsible for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | higher cognitive function, attention, voluntary movement, planning, decision making
🗑
|
||||
| What are the four areas of the frontal lobe? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the temporal lobe concerned with? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the parietal lobe concerned with? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
🗑
|
||||
| show | Relays info between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two types of training scheduals? What are they good for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the limbic lobe responsible for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Block training, one activity at a time
Random taining, different following activities
Random is better, requires attention and concentration
🗑
|
||||
| What is the thalamus responsible for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the hypothalamus responsible for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The biological clock
🗑
|
||||
| Why can "kissing it better" or "rubbing it" make it better? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
🗑
|
||||
| show | The pons, the medulla, the cerebellum, the spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two general principles of motor learning? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the 7 key principles to Neuro placticity? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The premotor cortex, supplemental motor area, basil ganglia, and cerebellum
🗑
|
||||
| show | There are 12 pairs,31 pairs
🗑
|
||||
| show | The more you practice the more you learn, repetition causes longterm changes
🗑
|
||||
| show | Weakness causes a cycle of lack of use and weakness. Force them to use via contraint
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two types of therapy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Gap junction-direct cell to cell (rare) Chemical synapse-across a synapse with neurotransmitters
🗑
|
||||
| What produces myalin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Motivation-to keep trying
Attention-input specificity & cooperativity
Arousal-optimum amount
Memory-good & bad experiences
🗑
|
||||
| What effect does MS have on the nervous system? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Enviromental context,
The Task itself
Type of reinforcer
Practice schedual
Type of practice
🗑
|
||||
| Mental rehersal is good for what kinds of activities? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Action potential, calcium influx causes vessicles to releases neurotransmitter
🗑
|
||||
| show | Open channels on the post synaptic side for ions to enter
🗑
|
||||
| What determines if a neuron will achieve the threashold for an action potential | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the two forms of excitatory and inhibitory summation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ligand channels-chemical
Voltage channels
G-protein- neurotransmitter causes distant channel to remain open. (changes cell structure)
🗑
|
||||
| What are the three main types of neurotransmitters? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are three amino acid neurotransmitters? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are two common amine neurotrasmitters? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Glycine-inhibitory
Glutamate-excitatory
🗑
|
||||
| show | Placticity
🗑
|
||||
| show | Lead to observable changes in the organism
🗑
|
||||
| How does a neuron respond to increased receptor use/modulate gene expression? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Unmasking-minor inputs exaggerate
2. Dendritic pruning of unused dendrites
3. Collateral sprouting recieving new input from another axon
🗑
|
||||
| What is the main mechanism for change in the brain? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased activity, and vacancy
🗑
|
||||
| What three areas in the brain experience neurogenisis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation
🗑
|
||||
| What three cells can be created from a neural stem cell and what is most likely? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Trouble synching with what's there
Abnormal connections
Differentiate mostly into astrocytes
Can cause cancers and neuromas
🗑
|
||||
| What is the key component to motor learning? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Relevant to the task, and properly timed
🗑
|
||||
| show | The best long term generalizabiliy comes from self problem solving alone
🗑
|
||||
| show | Only a little given when they are 90% accurate
🗑
|
||||
| What is state dependent learning? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Dendrites release neurotropins which can only be taken up by an axon that is experiencing action potentials
🗑
|
||||
| show | Collateralization, Dendritic growth, number and activity of receptors, in summary the entire neuron
🗑
|
||||
| The growing end of an axon is called what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Guiding cells
🗑
|
||||
| Neurotropins may have what effect? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are 4 common guidence molecules? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What happens to neurons that have been damaged? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Behaviors & thoughts processes that are rewarded undergo neural structural changes
🗑
|
||||
| What is hemoragic necrosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A lack of oxygen to tissue
🗑
|
||||
| What is transneuronal degeneration? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A glial scar forms, followed by demylination of surrounding neurons
🗑
|
||||
| show | A mechanical barrier separating damaged tissue and preventing neuronal growth
🗑
|
||||
| show | CSPG, Semaphorin, Ephrin
🗑
|
||||
| How quickly does a peripheral neuron regrow? What does this allow? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What type of neurons regrow, which is fastest? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What differences exist between the PNS and CNS in neural regeneration? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What problems can occure with PNS regrowth? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Glutamate is excitatory,
Glycine and Seratonin (5ht are inhibitory
🗑
|
||||
| show | Oligodendricytes release inhibitors Astrocytes inhibit as glial scar
Small amount growth factors
🗑
|
||||
| show | axon collateralization-use of cells to cause specialized change, use of concurrent systems,
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between learning and memory? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pain is a learned association/perception of nocioceptor information
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two types of memory? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where is declaritive memory located? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Basal ganglia, striatum, cerebellum, amygdala
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two types of non-declaritive memory? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Associative, Non associative
🗑
|
||||
| show | Single stimulus changing behavior Habituation Sensitization
🗑
|
||||
| What is associative learning? what are two examples? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 'A' Delta fibers-temp, deformation (sudden pain) 'C' Fibers-any kind of change (dull ache) 'A' Beta- Tactile/location
🗑
|
||||
| show | Sensation of localized pain when non present (eg. touch a sunburn), Hypersensitivity to pain
🗑
|
||||
| show | The foramen magnum, L1/ L2 Conus medularis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Acute (sharp) Persistant (tissue damage) Chronic (unceasing despite no damage)
🗑
|
||||
| How does the opiod system suppress pain? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the anterior median fissure mark in the spinal column? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pain suppression cannot occure without what neurotransmitter? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Myostatic reflex, 2-one afferent one efferent.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Afferent information, Efferent
🗑
|
||||
| show | unrelieved persistant pain despite no tissue damage
🗑
|
||||
| What neurons convey from afferent to efferent neurons? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Interneurons can be what two types? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Why is surgery often ineffective at reducing pain? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Loss of sensation and motor control in BOTH limbs
🗑
|
||||
| show | An increase resistance in stretch reflex
An increase in tone
🗑
|
||||
| Afferent fibers from the lower body to the upper body are laid down how in the spinal column? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The Acending Lateral Spinothalamic tract
🗑
|
||||
| What effect does habituation have on the nerve? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What effect does sensitization have on the nerve? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diseases that cause spacticity usually have what 5 symptoms? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between habituation and Longterm Depression? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Long term associative learning is structural changes(growth of new inputs), sensitization is just temporary
🗑
|
||||
| show | Classical conditioning
🗑
|
||||
| show | The unconditioned stimulus is the normal physiologic stimulus. Thu conditioned stimulus is the sensory stimulus unrelated to anything
🗑
|
||||
| show | Because calcium is already going into the cell, while G-protiens are active, AMPA will go up increasing activity in the cell and cellular changes
🗑
|
||||
| What is memory and learning? | show 🗑
|
||||
| *****How does synaptic transmission/learning occur? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Climbing fibers-transmit movement information
Mossy fibers transmit-the expected movement
perkinji fibers-Recieve signals from both and send error signals when they don't match
Parellel fibers-Learn and show plastic changes
🗑
|
||||
| When does learning occure in the cerebellum occure and why? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | When the incomming stimulus is simultaneous
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between declaritive and non declearitive memory? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Describe the lateral spinothalamic tract and what information it carries: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Hyperalgesia? What is Alhondonia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| There are two meathods of long term potentiation/memory, what are they? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Errors in learning/association are called what, and how do they occure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What three peripheral pain signals can be controlled and with what methods? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does longterm potentiation/memory occur in the hyppocampus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How can a depolarization cause longterm depression OR longterm potentiation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Kinase-memory, increase AMPA
Phosphatase-forgetting, decrease AMPA
It is this balance that causes longterm changes
🗑
|
||||
| If a peripheral nerve is severed and has to regrow 1cm, how long will this take? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The Posterior Column
🗑
|
||||
| show | The motor cortical spinal tract
🗑
|
||||
| What acending/decending area of the CNS nerves are particularly vulnerable to injury? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Decussation of the pyramids
🗑
|
||||
| Describe what the posterior column does and what kind of information it transmits: | show 🗑
|
||||
| The cell bodies for the efferent neurons are where? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | dorsal root ganglion outside the spinal column
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the posterior column and what information it carries | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Individual motor acts
🗑
|
||||
| show |
🗑
|
||||
| show | A poly synaptic reflex
🗑
|
||||
| show | The Anterior spinothalamic tract
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the Lateral Spinothalamic tract and what information it carries? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Touch information, crosses in the spine, ascends to the Postcentral gyrus
🗑
|
||||
| show | The lateral spinothalamic tract
🗑
|
||||
| What pathway tranmits touch information? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Reflexes: Simple automatic movements requiring no concious input
Reactions:complex movement requiring conciousness
🗑
|
||||
| show | Position and movement of muscles up the same side of the body to the cerebellum
🗑
|
||||
| show | Distributed control, thoughout the brain
🗑
|
||||
| Complex motor reflexes and repetative rythmic movements are produced where? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The posterior cerebellar tract and the cuneocerellar tract
🗑
|
||||
| show | Premotor cortex, supplemental motor area, cerebellum
🗑
|
||||
| show | Reticular formation
🗑
|
||||
| show | Initiate and regulate movement at the central pattern generator
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the Anterior and Rostral spinocerebellar tracts and what information they carry: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coordination and sequencing of movement (smooth motion)
🗑
|
||||
| Motor movement disorders often are a result of what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Discordinated movement and tremors is called what | show 🗑
|
||||
| The fact that all systems are distributed, in the greater picture means what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Power, Accuracy, Speed
🗑
|
||||
| How are accuracy and speed related? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Peripheral:nocioceptor releases substance P, mast cells release histones- cause swelling. Histones+ swelling stimulate other nocioceptors. Synaptic: Glutamate + Substance P increase Post AMPA receptors making more likely to detect glutamate
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two methods of down regulating pain? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Voluntary motor control, decends from the Primary motor cortex, crosses at the decussion of pyramids in the medulla, stimulates the motor neuron
🗑
|
||||
| show | Wheneverf a neuron is activated and makes a decision to fire
🗑
|
||||
| show | the cortical spinal tract
🗑
|
||||
| show | Signal-Decision to act-Plan-Program-Execution-Error detection and correction
🗑
|
||||
| show | The plan-what kind of things they will do The program-what order and sequence of muscles used The execution-how fast, or force produced
🗑
|
||||
| show | The thalamus-the PO region The lateral fissure-secondary sensory cortex
🗑
|
||||
| show | Extrapyramidal pathway
🗑
|
||||
| show | the spinal ganglia
🗑
|
||||
| Where are the cell bodies of the motor neurons located? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Voluntary motor movement
🗑
|
||||
| What are terminal fibers? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mixed pathways/extra pyramidal pathways control what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Visual reflexes
🗑
|
||||
| What does the accessory occular motor nuclei do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Midial longtitudinal and the Vestibulo pathways
🗑
|
||||
| show | Spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, dicephalon
🗑
|
||||
| The cranial nerves are part of what structure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | OLd OPie OCcasionally TRies TRIGonometry And Feels VEry GLOomy, VAGUe, And HYPOactive olfactory, optic, occular, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
🗑
|
||||
| What do legions to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum cause what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Respiratory and cardiac distress
🗑
|
||||
| Legions to the neo-cerebellum cause what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Three major fiber tracts or peduncles
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ponto cerebellar tract
🗑
|
||||
| Lesion to the cyngulate gyrus cause what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pain receptors use what kind of inhibitors? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Sharp pain-delta fibers Prolongued burning pain-C fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Pain afferent neurons release what neuro transmitter substance? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The lateral spinothalamic tract
🗑
|
||||
| Pain is inhibited by what areas of the brain first? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What medications act as pain inhibitors? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What natural substances are really effective at inhibiting pain? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cranial nerve is responsible for smell? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cranial nerve is responsible for vision | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cranial nerve is responsible for eye movement? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | eye movements
🗑
|
||||
| show | Trigeminal
🗑
|
||||
| What is the abducens nerve responsible for? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What nerve is responsible for facial, salivation and test? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Vestibulocochlear
🗑
|
||||
| The nerve responsible for the pharynx and larynx? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Accessory nerve
🗑
|
||||
| What cranial nerve stimulates the tongue? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The medial, parietal, frontal brain, and corpus colossum
🗑
|
||||
| What does the middle cerebral artery supply? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the occipital lobe.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The Anterior spinocerebellar tract-Lower body
The Rostral spinocerebellar tract-Upper body
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the transmission of information in the 2 spinocerebellar tracts: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Transmission from the primary motor cortex, information crosses in the medulla at the decussion of the pyramids and stimulates a motor neuron
🗑
|
||||
| What are the two mixed spinal pathways and what do they do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | crosses at midbrain, responsible for visual following
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the Rubrospinal tract and what it is responsible for: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The pontine reticulospinal tract-evervates the muscle spindle
The medullar reticularspinal tract inhibits smooth muscles
🗑
|
||||
| What tract in the spine is responsible for voluntary motor control? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What spinal tract is responsible for equalibrium righting reactions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What tract in the spine is responsible for individual motor acts? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What tract is responsible for visual following? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The rubrospinal tract
🗑
|
||||
| What tract is responsible for enervating the muscle spindle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The medullar reticulospinal tract
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 6 stages by which spacticity occurs? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are 4 best ways of managing spacticity and contractions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common problem with orthotics? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ligand gated sodium channels
🗑
|
||||
| show | Collateral sprouting
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Use it to impove it or lose it
2. Specificity vs. Transference
3. Repetition
4. Age=plasitc
5. Interference
6. Motivation&Expectation=improvement
7. Feedback is necessary
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
swcherry
Popular Occupational Therapy sets