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Public Participation
AICP Exam Prep HCC - Public Participation and Social Justice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Saul Alinsky known for in public involvement planning? | Alinsky's Organizations |
| What are some characteristics of Alinsky's Organizations? | power is basis for successful negotiations - social protest - arise and are effective where there are pressing social problems or where residents feel powerless |
| What is Paul Davidoff known for in public involvement planning? | Advocacy Planning |
| What are some aspects of advocacy planning? | assumes there is no overall, common, or identifiable public interest to be served in planning - advocates for interests of low income or minority groups |
| Who wrote "Ladder of Citizen Participation"? | Sherry Arnstein |
| What are some aspects of "Ladder of Citizen Participation"? | defines citizen participation in terms of amount of control citizens have over policy decisions |
| In "Ladder of Citizen Participation", participation is divided into what three categories? | non-participation (no control - manipulation, therapy) - degrees of tokenism (informing, consulting, placation) - degrees of citizen power (partnership, delegated power, citizen control) |
| In "Ladder of Citizen Participation", what determines the degree of control that actually occurs? | how much citizens really want control and the willingness of agencies to share control |
| What are some public participation techniques? | meetings, presentations, workshops, surveys, visioning sessions, interviews |
| What different types of surveys are used in public participation? | email, mail, telephone, in-person (face-to-face) |
| Email Survey | easy and inexpensive, omits those without internet, allows respondents to answer at their own convenience |
| Mail Survey | response rate quite low because people forget to return - can't be confident in results - allows respondents to answer at their own convenience |
| Telephone Survey | inexpensive and allows for rapid data collection - requires carefully trained interviewers - may exclude come portion of the population from the sample |
| In-Person (Face-to-Face) Survey | ideal for gathering qualitative data (opinions or perspectives) - requires a great deal of staff time - expensive - requires very careful training |
| Visioning Sessions | develop vision for the community - define goals, objectives, and policies - takes place at the start of the process |
| What are some positive aspects of surveys? | yields statistical precision, can be generalizable |
| What are some positive aspects of interviews? | yields rich, descriptive data, personal approach ideal for some |
| What are some negative aspects of surveys? | can be time consuming, low response rates limit usefullness |
| What are some negative aspects of interviews? | easily biased, time consuming, difficult to record |
| What are some positive aspects of focus groups? | usually representative sample of community, informal, inexpensive and fast |
| What is a negative aspect of a focus group? | easily skewed |
| What is a visual preference survey? | series of images that must be scored |
| What is a negative aspect of a visual preference survey? | criticized for eliciting inaccurate measurements of community preference |
| What is the Delphi Method? | views of each group are presented in successive rounds of argument and counter argument working towards a consensus |
| What is a Charette? | short, intense, collaborative, interactive problem solving process for development of specific plans |
| What is a Design In? | planners teach citizens how to design and/or plan communities and help citizens design a project or develop a plan - citizens learn to work with some of the tools of community design such as maps and photographs |
| How does Brainstorming work? | a question is formulated and asked to a group - used to formulate goals & objectives and identify issues |
| What is Fishbowl Planning? | citizens address themselves to proposals through workshop formats |
| What is social justice? | seeks to ensure all people have access to the public process |
| What is an aspect of social justice? | in seeking equity in the participation process, advocates take steps to ensure traditionally disenfranchised groups are included, particularly when policies and decisions may directly impact them and their future generations |
| What are some aspects of multi-cultural and gender issues? | giving them a louder voice in public decision making, bringing diverse groups of people together to work toward a common goal, |
| What are the two viewpoints of minorities and sub-cultures? | melting pot: each culture contributed to overall society - salad bowl: subcultures need to be allowed to remain and be included in society without attempts at assimilation by the majority |
| In social justice, what makes up the minority population? | african-americans, hispanics, asians, american indians |
| In social justice, what makes up the low-income population? | person whose median household income is at or below poverty guidelines |
| What are some other disadvantages populations in social justice? | low literacy, English proficiency, Americans with disability |
| What are some aspects of negotiation? | build community trust - amicable solution - don't hide behind law - know background of project - get to know people involved - can quell rumors and misinformation - don't reinvent the wheel |
| What are some aspects of coalition building? | identify leadership of community - develop positive relationships with leaders - bring diverse groups together - reach out to disenfranchised groups - remain neutral - maintain interest through any contention that arises |
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