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Microbiology
Excelsior Exam (Various resources)
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Prokaryotes and bacteria also referred to as | eubacteria |
Eukaryotes include | fungus, algae, and protozoa |
_______may produce endotoxins –they have a thin peptidoglycan layer in cell walls and an outer LPS layer | Gram negative bacteria |
______bacteria may produce exotoxins | Gram positive |
_____bacteria have techoic acid and a thick peptidoglycan layer in cell walls | Gram positive |
______bacteria have waxy cells and stain pink red in an acid stain (ex: TB) | Acid fast |
________are the bacteria that are spore forming (endospores) | Bacillus and Clostridium |
_______ do not have cell walls | Mycobacteria |
_______ lack peptiglycan cell walls | Archea |
Members of archea love extreme conditions; they are ______ _________ _________ | halophiles, thermophiles and psychrophiles |
_______ fix oxygen and produces oxygen as a metabolic waste product | Cyanobacteria |
________ are resistive vegetaive forms of bacteria that can re-emerge when conditions are favorable | Endospores |
Algae are | photosynthetic autotrophs |
If cocci splits on 2 planes it is a | tetra |
________ are grapelike clusters of gram positive cocci | Staphylococcus |
______ consists of a capsid or core and nucleic acid | Virus |
The protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid in a virion is called the | capsid |
_______ is composed of host materials and forms during maturation and release | Virus envelope (not all viruses have envelopes) |
______ is a virus that infects a bacteria | Bacteriophage |
_________ or________ is only capable of lysogeny-living in host without causing damage | temperant phage or lytic (prophage because it is capable of becoming lytic or virulent phage) |
Virulent phage or lytic is only capable of | lysis |
Spirochetes move via__________________ that encircle the cell | axial filaments |
An antigen reaction can activate ______ | complement (complement causes cascade of actions) |
_______________ are responsible for manufacture of antibodies | B cells |
________________ develop from stem cells. Mature in the lymph system and differentiate to plasma cells | B cells |
An antibody has a minimum of how many binding sites on an antigen? | 2 |
_________ can cross the placenta | IgG |
______ is the first to synthesize in response to an antigen | IgM |
______ binds to mast cells (involved in allergic reactions) | IgE |
T cells mature in the | thymus |
A mature T helper cells has what cell surface proteins which are relative to antigen recognition? | TCR, CD3, CD4, CD8 |
____ are important in activating other T cells to act | T helper cells or HT |
If there are no T cells there is no________. T cells activate__________ | immunity; B cells |
Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility is an example of_____ . The mechanism of this hypersensitivity reaction involves the mother’s anti-Rh antibodies binding to the red blood cells, triggering complement-mediated lysis | class II hypersensitivity reaction |
Activated complement biological activities | 1.opsonization (enhancement of attachment phase of phagocytosis: 2. anaphylatoxin (incl, blood vessel permeability): 3. chemoattractant (attract phagocytes): 4. Membrane attack complex *lysis of targeted cell) |
______ is used to make monoclonal antibodies | hybridoma |
Immune serum globulin comes from ______ or ______ donors | human; animal |
Tetanus vaccine is a | toxoid |
Systemic lupus erythematous causes ___________ complexes to form- this is a type _______ sensitivity reaction | antigen antibody; 3 |
Giving a pregnant mother antiviral drugs prior to delivery decreases the chance of the child being born with | HIV |
___________ antibiotics can kill normal microbiota and allow opportunistic pathogens to grow | broad spectrum |
__________ microscopy is used to identify the agent that causes syphilis | darkfield |
___________ infections are difficult to treat because of antibiotic resistance | nosocomial |
_____________ is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea | E coli |
Strep throat is caused by | S pyogenes |
Rheumatic fever sequeled to strep is caused by | S pyogenes |
________ a sequel to strep throat is a result of S pyogens erthrogenic toxin | Scarlet fever |
_______ analysis is a diagnostic for meningitis | CSF |
_______________ causes toxic shock syndrome | Staphylococcus aureus |
_______________ of staphylococcus aureus is responsible for scalded skin syndrome | Exfoliative toxin |
Reactivation of latent ___________________ later in life causes shingles | Varicella Zoster |
_____________ is the causative agent to stomach ulcers | helicobacter pylori |
_____ is characterized by grayish membranous cover on pharynx | diptheria |
_______ disease is transmitted bia aerosolization of bacteria from aqueous reservoirs- ie air conditioner vents | Legionnaires |
Primary virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the ability to grow in a | macrophage (responsible for formation of tubercle) |
________ has symptoms similar to TB. They are differentiated by CXR and reaction mantoux | Histoplasmosis |
______ responsible for cholera binds to intestinal epithelial cells-activates host cell adenylate cyclase causing increased cAMP levels in host cells-leads to out pouring of Cl ions and water—leads to extreme diahrrhea | Cholerea vibrio toxins |
Herpes simplex type _______ virus establishes latency in nerve cells | 2 |
________ is best viewed with a darkfield microscope | syphillis spirochet |
A virus is best viewed with an | electron microscope |
Reason that the smallpox virus could be eradicated. | -humans are the only reservoir- no latency - effective vaccine |
________ causes genital warts and have been implicated in the etiology of cervical cancer | papillomaviruses |
HIV is classified as a _______ or a _____ within the retroviruses | retrovirus; lentivirus |
A CD4 count less than ____ is diagnostic of aids | 200 |
Alphaviruses such as EEE,WEE,VEE and flaviviruses such as yellow fever, dengue are transmitted by __________. Eradicating this can control disease | mosquitos |
Bites on the head and neck are especially dangerous because of the proximity to the brain. This is true in regard to being bitten by a ______ animal | rabid |
____________ block viral nucleic acid synthesis | Nucleoside analogs |
_____ block viral protein processing (reverse transcroptase production) | protease inhibitors |
_____ targets peptiglycan synthesis (cell wall synthesis) | penicillin |
______ is bacteriostatic- it stops growth of bacteria | Tetracycline |
_______ inactivates Penicillin (resistance) | Beta lactamase |
______ damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes | polymyxins |
_____ inhibit bacterial protein synthesis | Aminoglycosides |
____ is a nucleic acid particle capable of autonomous replication | plasmid |
The target of most antifungal drugs is the | plasma membrane |
Resistance factors can be readily transferred by _____ and _____ | transposin; R plasmids |
_____ or ______ is needed for R plasmid transfer of resistance (conjugation) | F factor; sex pilus |
______ test measures minimum inhibitory concentration of a drug (minimum needed to stop pathogenic growth)-the point with no growth= _____________ | broth dilution; MIC |
To make champagne, conditions must be | anaerobic (absent of oxygen) |
As cheese ages it gets _______ and ______ in taste | harder; sharper |
Strictly ______ bacteria are responsible for spoilage in low acid canned foods | anaerobic |
_______ cause milk to spoil in the fridge | psychrotrophs |
____ denature proteins and removes some lipids | alcohol |
Mercury compounds are used for | microbial control |
_____ is usd to disinfect wounds- not effective for deep wounds | hydrogen peroxide |
_____ inhibits microbial proteins- it is an antiseptic | iodine |
________ only use the lytic cycle | virulent bacteriophage |
A _______ does not have nucleic acid | prion |
All endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms regardless of species of | microbe |
Microorganisms in the lower respiratory tract are trapped in mucous produced by goblet cells, then propelled upward by synchronized beating of | cilia |
____________ is a defensive system consisting of at least 20 interacting serum proteins | compliment |
Tetanus vaccine is a | toxoid |
A transfusion reaction is a type_____ allergic reaction | II |
______ produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration | Oxygenetic |
_______ and ______ use anerobic respiration to produce ATP molecules | fermentation; glycolysis |
_______ produces the most ATP | Electron transport chain |
cellular reproduction is at its most active during the | log phase or exponential phase |
_______ phase is when cell death equals new cells and the metabolic activity of cells decline | stationary phase |
________phase occurs when deaths out number new cells | death phase or logarithmic decline |
_____is defined as a phase of sustained growth as a result ofenvironmental change for a microorganizm where it is getting accustomed withnew growth contitions. | Lag phase |
_____ phase of growth produces a stable population-the death rate is equal to the birth rate | LAG |
_____ require organic material for growth | fungi |
The type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water is | hydrogen bond |
The counterstain in the acid-fast stain is a | basic dye |
Force from which a solvent moves across a semipermeable membrane from a higher to lower concentraion defines | osmotic pressure |
A culture medium consisting of agar, human blood, and beef heart is a _____ medium | complex |
Ethylene oxide is capable of | sterilization |
Products of transcription | rRNA, tRNA, mRNA |
A colleague has used computer modeling to design an improved enzyme. To produce this enzyme, the next step is to determine the | nucleotide sequence for the improved enzyme |
Multicellular, have eukaryotic cells, can photosynthesize, use organic energy sources..this is true of the | Kingdom Plantae |
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can be differentiated in a laboratory by | growth in high salt concentrations |
Fungi,more often than bacteria are responsible for decomposition of plant material because they can tolerate | low moisture conditions |
Criterion to classify viruses- | Morphology, nucleic acid, size, and number of capsomeres |
The major significance of Koch's work was that | microorganisms cause disease |
Most pathogens that gain access through the skin enter through | hair follicles and sweat glands |
______ exhibits the highest phagocytic activity. | neutrophils |
A protein that inactivates or kills an antigen is an | antibody |
If a patient shows the presence of antibodies against Herpes simplex, this indicates | -the patient may have the disease- may have been vaccinated- a transfusion may have passively introduced the antibodies |
What may result from systemic anaphylaxis? | shock |
Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against | bacteria |
Impetigo | S aureus |
erysipelas | S. pyogenes |
Acne | P. acne |
otitis externa | P. aeruginosa |
A healthy state can exist, it is encapsulated, it requires a blood supplement in media, it usually infects children..this describes | H. influenza |
Streptococcal sore throat, diptheria, pneumococcal pneumonia, scarlet fever...these are treated with | penicillin |
Amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery differ in the | etiologic agent |
Pylonephritis may result from | urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, systemic infection |
81% if microorganisms on the soil are | bacteria |
As cheese ages it gets more | acidic |
Maintains the shape of the cell, is sensitive to lysosome, contains techoic acid..this is true of a | gram positive cell wall |
An organism that uses oxygen or grows without it is referred to as a | facultative anaerobe |
___ can not produce themselves outside a host | viruses |
_______ is acquired during the course of hospitalization | nosocomial infections |
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles..are contracted via the | respiratory route |
Mechanical factors to protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection- | layers of cells, tears, saliva |
Plasma cells are activated by an | antigen |
The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are found in | basophils and mast cells |
The first antibiotic discovered was | penicillin |
Coccus, coagulase positive, catalase positive, gram positive--this is characteristic of | S. aureus |
What is the most common method of spread of tuberculosis | airborne |
The Schick test is used to measure immunity to | diptheria |
________ is caused by nonmotile, gram negative, coccobacillus | Pertussis |
A beefy red oropharynx and white patches on the throat are most commonly associated with | streptococcal infection |
Pneumonia is best detected by | CXR |
The distinguishing feature regarding atypical pneumonia is the microorganism has no | cell wall |
The most common method of transmission of Legionnaire disease is | contaminated water |
The usual incubation period for the common cold is | 1-4 days |
What type of influenza causes cases here and there at any given time? | type C |
Kopliks spots are seen in which infectious disease? | Rubeola |
The reservoir for rubeola include | humans |
The MMR vaccine immunizes against | measles, mumps, rubella |
Chicken pox | varicella zoster virus |
Cryotococcus neoformans is primarily a | pulmonary disease |
Histoplasmosis is directily related to contamination from | chickens, birds, bats |
What form of Aspergillus is usually fatal? | disseminated aspergillosis |
An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a | growth factor |
The source of the necessary elements of life is an | inorganic environmental reservoir |
An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a | photoautotroph |
An obligate halophile requires high | salt |
Chemoautotrophs can survive on _______ and _____ alone | minerals; CO2 |
A pathogen would most accurately be described as a | parasite |
A substance that would be moved by passive transport is | water |
A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will ________ by osmosis | lose water |
Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires | the expenditure of ATP |
Environmental factors such as temperature and pH exert their effect on the ____ of microbial cells. | enzymes |
Psychrophiles would be expected to grow at | refrigeration temperatures |
Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack | dismutase |
The time required for a cell to undergo binary fission is called the | generation time |
In a viable plate count, each ____ represents a ____ from the sample population | colony; cell |
During the phase, the rate of new cells being added to the ____ population has slowed down | stationary |
The process designated high temperature, short time is associated with | pasteurization |
What disinfectant is compatible with human tissues? | antiseptic |
What term indicates an agent that inhibits bacterial growth? | bacteriostatic |
A substance used to disinfect human tissues is called an | antiseptic |
What concentration of ethyl alcohol would be the most effective disinfectant? | 75% |
What molecule would be the best antigen? | proteins |
Plasma cells are ______________ cells | antibody producing |
Mercurochrome is an | antiseptic |
The integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome occurs because of ____________ sequence in the virus and the host. | identical nucleotide |
A complete infective virus particle is called a | bacteriophage |
A bacteriophage after it becomes integrated into its host's chromosome is called a | prophage |
A complete, infectious virus particle is called a | virion |
In addition to maintaining the prophage in an integrated state, the repressor proteins also | prevents infection of the host by the same type of virus |
An enzyme located in the tail of some phages that digests a small hole in the bacterial cell wall is | lysozyme |
In specialized transduction, the only genes that can be transduced are those located near the site of | integration of the phage DNA |
A bacterial cell carrying a prophage is called a | lysogen |
What will interfere with normal ciliary action of the respiratory epithelium and make an individual more susceptible to infection | viral infection |
The rash of scarlet fever is caused by | bacteria in the skin |
New tests for strep throat that are rapid and can be performed in a physicians office rely on | Streptococcus pyogene antigens in the throat |
Depletion of _____ enhances toxin synthesis in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. | iron |
A toxoid is an inactivated | toxin |
________ , a consequence of strep throat infections, is actually caused by immune complexes in the kidneys | acute glomerulonephritis |
The fundamental unit of all living matter is | cell |
Heat resistant form of bacteria is known as an | endospore |
Cells that have a membrane surrounding their genetic material are known as | eukaryotic |
Heat resistant, non dividing forms of bacteria are called | endospores |
Cells that can be seen only with the help of a microscope are called | microorganisms |
Leeuwenhook discoveries were significant because he carefully | recorded and reported his results |
The name for the group of primitive bacteria is the | archaebacteria |
As demonstrated by Tydall, infusions which were sterilized by boiling in 5 minutes could not be sterilized in 5 minutes when what materials were in the laboratory? | hay, due to endospores |
Pasteur experiments demonstrated that microorganisms grown in contaminated flasks were indistinguishable from those that were found in | air |
What is the correct way to represent the scientific name for a specific bacterium? | Bacillus cereus (Caps, italics) |
We cannot describe viruses as prokaryotes or eukaryotes because viruses are not | cellular |
The original distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells was made on the basis of the | absence or presence of nuclear membrane |
The process by which living microorganisms are used to help clean up the environment is called | bioremediation |
The system developed by Linnaeus for naming organisms is known as what type of system of nomenclature? | Binomial |
What theory states that all organisms are composed of cells and that cells are the fundamental units of life? | cell theory |
Tyndall and Cohn discovered a heat resistant form of bacteria known as | endospores |
What term best describes the cleaning and disinfection of operating rooms and patient rooms after use? | terminal cleaning |
Alcohols kill vegetative bacteria and fungi by | coagulating essential proteins |
What phase of microbial growth would be most susceptible to the killing action of microbial agents? | exponential phase (log phase) |
Chlorox and ethyl alcohol are examples of | disinfectants |
The process of controlled heating of substances at temperatures below boiling which is directed toward the elimination of specific pathogens is called | pasteurization |
Pasteurization was developed to control spoilage microorganisms in | wine |
A tincture is a solution of | alcohol |
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease | Borrelia burgdoferi |
In lysogenic conversion, the genes that code for the toxins are | phage genes |