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Bio Unit 2
Organic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is an organic compound? | any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon |
| what are the basic elements of carbohydrates? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
| what are the basic elements of lipids? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
| what are the basic elements of proteins? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| what are the basic elements of nucleic acids? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and phosphorus |
| what are the basic units of carbohydrates? (monomers) | monosaccharides |
| what are the basic units of lipids? (monomers) | glycerol and fatty acids |
| what are the basic units of proteins? (monomers) | amino acids {they are the building blocks of proteins!} |
| what are the basic units of nucleic acids ? (monomers) | nucleotides |
| what are the larger structures of carbohydrates? (polymers) | polysaccharides |
| what are the larger structures of lipids? (polymers) | triglycerols |
| what are the larger structures of proteins? (polymers) | polypeptides (=many peptide bonds) |
| what are the larger structures of nucleic acids? (polymers) | polynucleotides |
| structure is related to... | function |
| polar | an unequal distribution/sharing of electrons (in the outer shell) between molecules // unequal sharing |
| nonpolar | an equal distribution/sharing of electrons (in the outer shell) between molecules // equal sharing |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms |
| what are the properties of water? | low viscosity, colorless and transparent, universal solvent, ice is less dense than water |
| what is the molecular formula for a carboxyl group? | COOH (carbon single bonded to OH, and double bonded to oxygen) |
| what is the molecular formula for a hydrogen group? | H2O (two hydrogens and an oxygen) |
| what is the molecular formula for an amino group? | NH2 (two hydrogens and a nitrogen) |
| what is the molecular formula for a hydroxyl group? | OH (oxygen bonded to hydrogen) {this is where chemical reactions want to occur} |
| where do chemical reactions want to occur? | in functional groups |
| what substance is a result of dehydration synthesis? | water |
| what is the primary structure of proteins? | the order of amino acids |
| what is the secondary structure of proteins? | the bending of amino acids (forms alpha helix or beta pleated sheet) |
| what is the tertiary structure of proteins? | the folding of polypeptides |
| what is the quaternary structure of proteins? | when two different polypeptides come together |
| what does it mean for a protein to become denatured? | it has lost its structure {caused by an unfavorable pH, temperature, or radiation} - cannot be "renatured" or folded back, you must break it down into its amino acids first, then you can fold it back up |
| what are the elements of life? | CHONPS - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur |
| ionic bond | form when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom // a chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges // + and - |
| hydrogen bond | interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom (always involve a hydrogen atom) |
| dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction | when you have two monomers (chains of elements) - you take out a hydroxyl group from one, and a regular hydrogen from another, they come together to form water, and the two monomers join to make a polymer |
| hydrolysis | opposite of dehydration synthesis; you put the water back into the molecules, so the polymer goes back to monomers |
| anabolism | making fat/building reactions |
| catabolism | breaking down process/breaking reactions |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions |
| what makes each of the 20 amino acids different? | the R group |
| catabolic reaction | usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions |
| anabolic reaction | build new molecules and/or store energy |
| cohesion | when a molecule "sticks" to itself |
| adhesion | when a molecule "sticks" to a different molecule |
| carbohydrates are ___________ | polar |
| water is __________ | polar (slight negative charge on one side, slight positive charge on the other side) |
| what are simple carbohydrates? Give examples. | short chains of monosacchorides; broken down and digested very quickly, but contain refined sugars and very few essential vitamins and minerals; examples: raw sugar. brown sugar. corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup. glucose, fructose, and sucrose, etc |
| what are complex carbohydrates? Give examples. | long chains of monosacchorides; take longer to digest and are packed with fiber, vitamins and minerals; examples: vegetables, whole grain breads, oatmeal, legumes, brown rice, wheat pasta, etc |
| ions that are _________ and _________ charged are attracted to each other and _______ | positively, negatively; BOND |
| Give information about carbon. | the essential atom to life; has 4 valence electrons (in outermost shell); shares its electrons with lots of other atoms (elements) |
| single vs double covalent bond | single = one electron pair shared double = two electron pairs shared |
| disaccharide | two monosacchorides combined into one (results when two monosacchorides are joined through dehydration synthesis) |
| what purpose do carbohydrates serve in the body? | supply energy, store energy, spare protein and fats for other use and macromolecules |
| what purpose do lipids serve in the body? | provides a source of energy, provides membrane around cells |
| what purpose do proteins serve in the body? | builds cell structure function and regulates the body's tissues and organs |
| what purpose do nucleic acids serve in the body? | used to make proteins and carries hereditary info |
| lipids ______ interact with water | do not |
| monounsaturated | only one double bond |
| polyunsaturated | many double bonds |
| saturated fatty acids | solid at room temperature; no double bonds, so no gaps in the fatty acid chain; linear (packed closely together) |
| unsaturated fatty acids | liquid at room temperature; have double bonds and these double bonds break up the string of CH2´s and create gaps within the fatty acid chain; weird shape (packed farther - weird shape -> liquid) |
| what is the general molecular form for carbohydrates? | C6H12O6 (1:2:1 ratio) |
| how many bonds does nitrogen want to make? how many bonds can it actually make? | 3,4 |
| what is an R group? | an abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule |
| peptide bond | a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O) (dehydration synthesis) |
| what is a functional group? | a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound |
| what are some functions of protein? | structure, catalysis, transport, storage, and many others |
| what is the common carbohydrate molecular formula? | C6H12O6 (1:2:1 ratio) |
Created by:
ka0624
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