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Biology FINAL EXAM
Disease Agents
| Question | Answer | Other information |
|---|---|---|
| Prions? | Proteins. Unliving disease. Does not grow. But it does reproduce in the body. Finds nervous tissue and turns healthy proteins into bad proteins. | Infects proteins and multiples the disease. Once prions take over nerve cells rapidly form bad proteins. Made of amino acids. |
| What is the difference between and infection and a disease? | Infection means you have been exposed to a disease. A disease is showing it or experiencing the disease. | How do you get it? eating people who have had the disease. Exposure to disease. |
| Rhinovirus? | Unliving. Totally depend upon a host cell. Uses a cells dna replication to send out its own to infect other cells. Influenza. | |
| What is the difference between influenza? Stomach Flu? Rhinovirus? | Rhinovirus is a cold virus which includes sore throat, cough, headache. Stomach flu has things like stomache ache, nausea, vomiting. Influenza is about a couple of weeks. also contains many symptoms such as high temperature. | |
| How does a virus fool the body? | Rap themselves in human cell membrane. Human body does not see virus which allows it to infect. | |
| What Eukaryote type things cell disease? | Malaria, leishmania, are eukaryote. | |
| What is a disease vector? | Insect bites, needles, and others | |
| What is symbiosis? | 2 things comming together and bring an aspect of each out. | |
| Ergotism? | is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus which infects rye and other cereals | |
| Retrovirus example? | Aids, HIV | |
| How does aids infects humans? | Takes reverse transcriptates, transcripes DNAS and makes into virus. | |
| Free-living/parasitic? | Parasitic bacteria invades body, and takes something from the body to survive. Humans for example are free living which you can move about. | |
| Disease vectors? | Ticks, mesquito | |
| Disease agent? | The actual disease not the carrier | |
| Examples of disease producing protozoa? | Leashmania, one celled organism that causes disease. | |
| Difference between symbiotic and disease producing? | Symbiotic work together and both benefit. Disease does not benefit what it effects but only takes. | |
| Can aids come from a mesquito Bite? | No. | |
| extracellular digestion? | They poop on a log full which is full of nutrients and eats materials inside of a log. | |
| What is fungus closer related to? plants or animals? | Animals, when you look at their DNA they are more similar to animals | |
| Fungus in what kingdom | Fungi | |
| What domain is fungus? | Eukarya | |
| What features are used to classify fungi? | eukaryotic, lack chloroplasts, posses a cell wall, biosynthesis of amino acids. | Have a central vacuole, have organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, smooth er, rough er, cell membrane, golgi body, cytoplasm. |
| 4 major types of fungi? | Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota | |
| Is reproduction in fungi unique? Explain? | Sort of has sexual and asexual. Uses spores to release seeds | |
| Are there disease causing fungi? Give some examples | Yes. cornsmut, blister silver rust, ergutism, gang green, | |
| What terms describe how fungi get nutrients? Define each term. | Poop on a log and absorb nutriets from logs. Sacrofitic? digest dead matter. | |
| Do predatory fungi exist? Explain | ||
| What organisms serve as hosts for fungi? How do they extract nutrients from a host? | ||
| What is an example of symbiosis in fungi? | ||
| What competition mechanisms exist among the fungi? | Chlorox works great to get rid of bacteria. | |
| Do single-celled fungi exist? Give an example. | ||
| Are fungi economically important to humans? Give an example and explain the organism’s importance. | yeast, mushrooms, can make money. Ethanol can be used in fuel. Fungal organisms can be used in food, research. | |
| Ergot? From wheat and fungus? | A halucigen which was maybe the cause of all the witch burnings in the Salem witch trials. | |
| Hypfe? | Strand of fungal body | |
| Spore? | Unit that grows a new fungal body | |
| Plants are eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic | |
| Alteration Generation | Plants esist as haploid and diploid | |
| The statement “Alternation of Generations” is used for the kingdom of plants. What does it mean and why is it significant? | Lower plants from weeds, to higher plants such as trees. That is what alternation generation means. | |
| How do moss fit into the plant kingdom? Describe the basic life cycle of a moss. | Most primiative of plants. Basic life cycle is gametofite produces spores, spores grow new gametofites. | |
| How do seedless vascular plants differ from moss? How do photosynthates transport in vascular plants compared to moss? | They have veins that transport sap and water. Moss does not have this. Moss transports photsynthesis through cell to cell. Vascualar transports through veins. | |
| What feature do plants have that help them conserve water? How do plants get carbon nutrients? Where do they get their nitrogen nutrients? | Waxy outer covering, when they need something from air they open there stomata and then close it to conserve water. Carbon nutrient is when it turns carbon dioxide into oxygen. Get nitrogen nutrients from nitrates in the soil. | |
| List the types of plants based on reproduction and vascular anatomy. | Start with bribofites that have no vasulaer which have spores. Seedless vascular plants reproduce by spores. General seed plants contain vascular tissue. Then flowers come next uses pullen to ovulate and make a new plant. | |
| What are gametophytes and sporophytes? | Gametophytes is the haploid structure of the plant. | |
| What type of division occurs in gametophytes producing sperm or eggs? | ||
| What are megaspores and microspores? | Megaspores are a type of spores that is present in heterosporous plants. Microspore This combination is found only in heterosperous organisms. | |
| What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? | gymnosperms is a group of spermatophyte seed-bearing plants with ovules on scales. angiosperms are the most widespread group of land . | |
| What are a monocots and dicots? Give some examples of each while contrasting their traits. | Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf). in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots. | |
| What living organism gave rise to land plants? Be able to discuss how this organism gave rise to land plants. | Algae gave rise to living plants. | |
| How are algae classified? What Kingdom do algae belong? | Protista | |
| How does this phylum of animals get their nutrition? | From the soil | |
| How many germ layers are characteristic of this phylum of animals? | ||
| What type of cells and cellular systems comprise this phylum of animals? | ||
| Give examples of specialized organs this phylum of animals has developed. | ||
| What are some methods of reproduction in this phylum of animals? | Sexual and some asexual through budding | |
| What types of symmetry are in this phylum of animals? | Bilateral | |
| What are deuterostome and protostomes? Explain. | deuterostome "second mouth") are a superphylum of animals such as worms. Protostomes have a mouth formed first than the anus. | |
| What is a disease agent and how are they associated wsith a disease? | A physical, chemical, biological factor that causes a disease. | |
| When did the first cells appear in earths history? | 3.8 billion years ago. | |
| What types of cells do protistia have? | Eukaryotes | |
| What are the basic phsycial features ofa fungus? | Hyphae, containing eukaryotic cells with or without septa, several hyphia are a mycelium a mushroom is a reproductive structure of fungi. | |
| How do moss fit into the plant kingdom? Desribe basic life cycle of a moss? | Bryophyta of the most primative. Gametophytes are dominant producing sperm. Sporphytes diploid develping on female gametophyte, spores produce gametophyte. | |
| For the Phylum Porifera what is its nutrition, characteristics, reporduction, symmetry, cells or germ layers? | Filter feeder, spicules, asexual.sexual, asymmetrical, no germ layers. | |
| For the Phylum Cnidaria? what is its nutrition, characteristics, reporduction, symmetry, cells or germ layers? | Filter feeder/predator, nematacysts, asexual/sexual, radical, two germ layers. | |
| How do seedless vascular plants differ from moss? | Vascular plans have veins and smaller gametophytes moss transport from cell to cell. | |
| What domain do fungal organism fall under? What kingdom do they belong to? | Eucarya, Fungi | |
| What type of organisms fall under ___ protista? | Amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium, algae. | |
| What is the basic deseign of a bacterium? | Cells are 1-5um, cell membrance. May have a cell wall, nucleoid area but no membrance bound organelles and flagella may be present. | |
| What are prions> Give two examples of prion diseases? | Proteins that are infective. CJD, BSE, kuru, chronic wasting | |
| How are humans and animals infected with prions? | eating flesh or parts of the body infected with the disease. | |
| Difference between eukarytoic prokaryotic? | Prokaryotics do not have a nuclei or membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes do and prokaryotes are usually smaller then eukaryotes. | |
| Describe the characteristics of protista. | Most are microscopic, one-celled organism. Some form colonies of many cells. May have qualities of both animals and plants. Some make their o wn food through photosynthessi many have movement. | |
| What features are used to classify fungi? WHat are the four major types of fungi? | Sexually produces spores. Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes and Deuteromycetes. | |
| What is a monocot and a dicot? Give some examples. | Monocots such as corn have one green cotyledon that first breaks ground While dicots such as bean plants have two. | |
| For the Phylum nematodaL what is its nutrition, characteristics, reporduction, symmetry, cells or germ layer? | Free-living/parasitic, cuticle/complete digestiuon, asexual.sexual, bilateral, three germ layers. | |
| A womanw ith blood type A has a child with a blood type O. What is genotype of woman? | AO. | |
| If someone has two identical alleles person is? | homozygous | |
| What is phenotype | Observable traits | |
| How would you show an affected trait for female on a pedigree? | Shaded circle | |
| Gregor mendels prinicples apply to what organisms? | All of them | |
| What type of antigens are in AB blood | A and B antigens | |
| When comparing diplods and polyploids which has more chromosomes? | Polyploids | |
| How do sex influences traits behave differently? | Acts dinubabt in males adn acts recessive in females | |
| When a man has an X sex-linked trait who is more apt to receive the allele from him? | Daughter | |
| A person with a blood type AB had a father with blood B. What are possible Genotypes? | AB, AA, AO | |
| Which type of individual will produce the most allele combinations? | Heterozygous | |
| What principle states genes sperate without influencing eah other? | Priniciple of indiviudal assortment. | |
| Traits controlled by two or more genes? | Polygentic | |
| Three steps of aerobic cellular respiration? | Glycolis, Kreb cycle, electron transport. | |
| Which classic experiemnts shows how DNA is replicated | Meselson/stahl | |
| What happens during the process of transcription? | Messenger RNA is made from DNA template | |
| How is DNA and RNA different | DNA is double stranded, RNA has Uracil | |
| Which ATP producing process happens in cytoplasm? | Glycolosis | |
| Where does carbon come from photsythesis organisms | Carbon dioxide. | |
| Desribe each stage of aerobic respiration? | Glycolisis-splitting suager pyruvate, 2 atp formed. Kreb is FADH2, NADH, 2 ATP and electron transport cation gradient produces 28-32 ATP and water. | |
| What happens to mRNA so that is is not digested by enyzmes? | Capped with special sequence of bases | |
| What is removed from mRNA | Entrons | |
| What unzips the DNA helix? | DNA helicase | |
| Koch's Postulates? | The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture. | The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal. |
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fanettij
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