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Cell function Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active Transport | is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration |
| Adenosine TriPhosophate (ATP) | a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. |
| Carbohydrate Chains | The biological functions of carbohydrate chains attached through serine or threonine residues (O-linked) of glycoproteins are less well-defined, |
| Carrier Protein | A protein that transports specific substance through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, |
| Cell Membrane | the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Cell Specialization | Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks. |
| Cell Theory | a theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter |
| Cell Wall | a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose. |
| Channel Protein | is a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane. |
| Centrioles | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. |
| Chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| Concentration Gradient | is the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a Eukaryota cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has chromosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| Endocytosis | is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell. |
| Equilibrium | A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced. |
| Eukaryote | An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins into chromosomes. |
| Exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
| Homeostasis | the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes. |
| Hypertonic | Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | Solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. |
| Lipid Bilayer | A two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid |
| Mitochondrion | an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. |
| Multicelluar | Having or consisting of many cells or more than one cell to perform all vital functions. |
| Nuclear Envelope | The two layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which separates the nucleus from other cell organelles. |
| Nucleolus | a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase. |
| Nucleus | Is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. |
| Organ | A group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function |
| Organ System | an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions |
| Organelle | an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function |
| Osmosis | Is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, |
| Osmosis Pressure | is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. |
| Passive transport | is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. |
| Prokaryote | A microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles |
| Protein | A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds |
| Ribosome | A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. |
| Semi-Permeable | A membrane that is selectively permeable, i.e. being permeable to only certain molecules and not to all molecules. |
| Simple Diffusion | refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. |
| Solute | whereas the dissolved substance is called a solute. |
| Solvent | A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution |
| Tissue | is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. |
| Tonicity | is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient, |
| Unicelluar | organisms are composed of a single cell, |
| Vacuole | A cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell, surrounded by a single membrane and containing fluid, food, or metabolic waste. |
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