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FA Neuro Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Schwann cells arise from what embryological cell layer? | Neural crest |
| Microglia arise from what embyrological cell layer? | Mesoderm |
| Oligodendrocyes arise from what embryological cell layer? | Neuro-ectoderm |
| What is the marker for Astrocytes? | GFAP |
| What cell mantains the blood-brain barrier? | Astrocytes |
| Multinucleated giant cells in CNS are formed by what cells? | HIV-infected mmicroglia |
| What cell in Nissl stains as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm? | Oligodendrocyte |
| What cell look like fried eggs on H and E staining? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Oligodendrocytes are derived from what embryological cell layer? | Neuro-ectoderm |
| What is the receptor type for pain and temperature? | Free nerve endings |
| What is the receptor type for dynamic fine touch? | Meissner's corpuscles |
| What is the receptor type for vibration and pressure? | Pacinian corpuscles |
| What is the receptor type for static touch? | Merkel's disks |
| What type of receptor is found on all skin, epidermis and some viscera? | Free nerve endings |
| What type of receptor is found in glabrous (hairless) skin? | Meissner's corpuscles |
| What type of receptor is found in deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints? | Pacinian corpuscles |
| What type of receptor is found in hair follicles? | Merkel's disks |
| Which layer of the peripheral nerve layer serves as the permeability barrier? | Perineurium |
| Describe the levels of dopamine in Schizoprenia vs Parkinsons. | Increased in Schizoprenia and decreased in Parkinsons. |
| Describe the levels of NE and 5-HT in anxiety vs depression. | Anxiety = increased NE, decreased 5-HT Depression = decresed both NE and 5-HT |
| Describe the levels of ACh in Alzheimer's vs Huntington's | Decreased in both Alzheimer's and Huntingtons. |
| In the CNS, where is NE synthesized in? | Locus ceruleus |
| In the CNS, where is Dopamine synthesized in? | Ventral tegmentum and Substantia Nigra pars compacta |
| In the CNS, where is 5-HT synthesized in? | Raphe nuclues |
| In the CNS, where is ACh synthesized in? | Basal nucleus of Meynert |
| Which part in the hypothalamus is responsible for making ADH? | Supra-optic nucleus |
| Which part in the hypothalamus is responsible for making oxytoxin? | Para-ventricular nucleus |
| Which part in the hypothalamus is responsible for sexual urges? | Septal nucleus |
| Lesion of which part of the hypothalamus results in hypophagia? | Lateral area |
| Lesion of which part of the hypothalamus results in hyperphagia? | Ventro-medial area |
| Lesion of which part of the hypothalamus results in hyperthermia? | Anterior hypothalamus |
| Lesion of which part of the hypothalamus results in poikilothermia? | Posterior hypothalamus |
| Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for circadian rhythm? | Supra-charismatic nucleus |
| Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for controlling the adenohypophysis? | Arcuate nucleus |
| Lesion of which part of the thalamus results in pain in contralateral limbs? | Lateral part of the Ventral Posterior nucleus |
| Which part of the thalamus is responsible for visual input relay? | Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
| Lesion of which part of the thalamus would results in bilateral decreased hearing and decreased ability to localize sound? | Medial Geniculate Nucleus |
| Which part of thalamus is responsible for facial sensations relay (via CN V)? | Medial part of the Ventral Posterior nucleus |
| Which part of the brain is lesioned in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? | Medio-dorsal nucleus and Mamillary bodies |
| Which part of the thalamus is responsible for motor relay? | Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei |
| List the arteries which supply the thalamus. | Posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and anterial choroidal arteries. |
| List the functions of the limbic system. | Involved in 5 F's Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, FXcking. |
| Kluver-Bucy syndrome is the result of bilateral lesions of? | Amygdala and Hippocampus |
| Lesions to the hippocampus is associated with anterograde or retrograde amnesia? | Anterograde amnesia |
| Contralateral cortical input enters the cerebellum via which peduncle? | Middle cerebellar peduncle |
| Ipsilateral proprioceptive information enters the cerebellum via which peduncle? | Inferior cerebellar peduncle |
| Lesions in which part of the cerebellum would result in an ataxic gait and positive Romberg sign? | Vermal (medial) part of cerebellum |
| Lesions in which part of the cerebellum would result in falling towards side of lesion, intention tremor and limb ataxia? | Lateral part of cerebellum |
| List the input nerves into the cerebellar cortex. | Climbing fibers, and Mossy fibers. |
| List the output nerve out of the cerebellar cortex into the cerebellar medulla. | Purkinje fibers |
| Efferents of the deep cerebellar nuclei output via which peduncle? | Superior cerebellar peduncle |
| List the deep nuclei in the cerebellum from lateral to medial. | Don't Eat Greasy Food Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial |
| How would loss of dopaminergic neurons affect the basal ganglia's excitatory and inhibitory pathway? | Loss of dopamine inhibits the excitatory pathway (decreased motion) and excites the inhibitory pathway (decreased motion). |
| Dx : Tremor at rest, cogwheel Rigidity, and Postural instability. | Parkinson's disease |
| Dx : Tremor, Exposure to MPTP | Parkinson's disease |
| Dx : Depigmentation of substantia nigra pars compacta | Parkinson's disease |
| Dx : Lewy bodies (composed of alpha-synuclein) | Parkinson's disease |
| Dx : Sudden, wide flailing of 1 arm | Hemiballismus |
| Dx : Contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion | Hemiballismus |
| What is the disease that is usually associated with Hemiballismus? | Hypertension |
| Huntington's disease is associated with autosomal-dominant trinucleotide repeat of which chromosome? | Chromosome 4 |
| Dx : Atrophy of the caudate nucleus | Huntington's disease |
| Dx : CT shows enlarged lateral ventricles | Huntington's chorea |
| Dx : Chorea, depression, progressive dementia | Huntington's chorea |
| Dx : Expansion of CAG repeats | Huntington's chorea |
| Slow, writhing movements is a characteristic of a lesion in where? | Athetosis is a characteristic of a basal ganglia lesion. |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Motor (nonfluent/expressive) aphasia with good comprehension | Broca's area |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Sensory (fluent/receptive) aphasia with poor comprehension, neologism | Wernicke's area |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in: Conduction aphasia; good comprehension, fluent speech, but poor repetition. | Arcuate fasciculus |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behaviour | Kluver-Bucy syndrome, caused by bilateral lesions in the Amygdala and hippocampus |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Personality changes and deficits in concentration, orientation and judgment. May also have reemergence of primitive reflexes. | Frontal lobe |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Agnosia of the left side of the world. | Spatial neglect syndrome, caused by lesions in the right parietal lobe. |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (eg : coma) | Reticular activating system (midbrain) |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Confusion, confabulation, opthalmoplegia, ataxia | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, caused by bilateral lesions in Mammillary bodies and Medio-Dorsal nucleus of thalamus |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Contralateral hemiballismus | Subthalamic nucleus |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Anterograde amnesia | Hippocampus |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Eyes can only look away from side of lesion | Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF) |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Eyes can only look toward lesion | Frontal eye fields |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Alexia with agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, right-left disorientation | Gertmann Syndrome, caused by lesion at angular gyrus |
| Based on the homunculus, lower extremity deficits in sensation or movement indicates problems associated with which artery? | Anterior Cerebral Artery |
| Based on the homunculus, facial deficits in sensation or movements indicates problems associated with which artery? | Middle Cerebral Artery |
| Based on the homunculus, hand deficits in sensation or movement indicates problems associated with which artery? | Middle Cerebral Artery |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Non-fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension | Global aphasia, caused by lesions in both Broca's and Wernicke's areas |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Left arm cannot be moved in response to verbal command | Transcortical apraxia, caused by lesions in anterior to middle corpus callosum, due to occlusion of Anterior Cerebral Artery |
| Lesions in which part of the brain would result in : Alexia without agraphia | Posterior corpus callosum, due to occlusion of Posterior Cerebral Artery |
| Where is the most common site of circle of Willis aneurysm? | Anterior Communicating Artery |
| Occlusion of which artery causes : Locked-in syndrome | Basilar artery |
| Occlusion of which artery causes : Nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia, nausea, vomiting, Horner's syndrome | Wallenberg's syndrome, caused by occlusion of Posterior Inferior Communicating Artery |
| What artery supplies the internal capsule, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus? | Lateral striae, which are the divisions of the middle cerebral artery |
| Epidural hematoma is due to rupture of? | Middle meningeal artery |
| Subdural hematoma is due to rupture of? | Bridging veins |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to rupture of? | Aneurysm |
| Dx : Bloody or yellow spinal tap | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Dx : CT shows "biconvex disk", not crossing suture lines but can cross falx and tentorium. | Epidural hematoma |
| Dx : CT shows crescent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines, but cannot cross falx and tentorium. | Subdural hematoma |
| Dx : Hematoma caused by hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, diabetes mellitus and tumor. | Parenchymal hematoma, typically occurs in basal ganglia and internal capsule. |
| CSF is made by what cells? | Ependymal cells |
| CSF from lateral ventricles enter the 3rd ventricle via? | Foramen of Monro |
| CSF from 3rd ventricle enter the 4th ventricle via? | Cerebral aqueduct |
| CSF in 4th ventricle enter subarachnoid space via? | 2 lateral Foramina of Luschka, 1 medial Foramina of Magendie |
| Dx : Dementia, gait problems, urinary incontinence | Hydrocephalus |
| Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius causes which type of hydrocephalus? | Obstructive (noncommunicating) hydrocephalus |
| Arachnoid adhesions post-meningitis causes which type of hydrocephalus? | Normal pressure (communicating) hydrocephalus |
| At which level of the vertebra is lumbar puncture usually performed? | L3-L4-L5 interspaces |
| Which part of the spinal cord carries information regarding : Upper body pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception | Dorsal column's fasciculus cuneatus |
| Which part of the spinal cord carries information regarding : Lower body pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception | Dorsal column's fasciculus gracilis |
| Which spinal tract is responsible for pain and temperature sensations? | Spinothalamic tract |
| Which spinal tract is responsible for voluntary movement of limbs? | Lateral corticospinal tract |
| Which tract is responsible for pressure, vibration, touch, and proprioceptive sensations? | Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway |
| Where do the "pain and temperature" tract decussate? | Anterior white commissure (at level of 1st neuron synapse) |
| Where do the "pressure, vibration, proprioception" tract decussate? | Medulla |
| Where do Upper Motor Neurons decussate? | Caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation) |
| Lesions to which neuron in corticospinal tract results in spastic paralysis? | Upper motor neuron |
| Lesions to which neuron in corticospinal tract results in flaccid paralysis? | Lower motor neuron |
| Lesions to which neuron in corticospinal tract results in : Muscle atrophy, fasiculation, decreased reflexes, and decreased muscle tone | Lower motor neuron |
| Lesion to which neuron in corticospinal tract results in : Increased reflexes, increased muscle tone, and positive Babinski reflex | Upper motor neuron |
| Where do the 1st neuron of dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway synapse? | Ipsilateral nucleus cuneatus or gracilis |
| Where do the 2nd neuron of dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway synapse? | VPL of thalamus |
| Where do the 2nd neuron of spinothalamic tract synapse? | VPL of thalamus |
| Dx : Spinal cord lesion resulting in bilateral flaccid paralysis (involves LMN only) | Poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffman disease |
| Dx : Spastic paralysis and flaccid paralysis, with no sensory, cognitive or occulomotor deficits. | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| Dx : Paresthesia, Pain (shooting), Polyuria, Argyll Robertson pupils plus impaired proprioception, locomotor ataxia, and absence of DTR | Tabes dorsalis, due to 3' syphilis |
| Dx : "Floppy baby", tongue fasiculations | Werdnig-Hoffman disease |
| Dx : Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation | Syringomyelia |
| Dx : Demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract, and cerebrospinal tract | Vitamin B12 neuropathy, and Frederich's ataxia |
| Dx : Ipsilateral UMN signs, ipsilateral loss of dorsal column signs, contralateral pain and temperature loss, and LMN signs at level of lesion | Brown-Sequard syndrome (hemisection of spinal cord) |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : Posterior half of skull "cap" | C2 |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : High turtleneck shirt | C3 |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : Low-collar shirt | C4 |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : At the nipple | T4 at the teat pore |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : At xiphoid process | T7 |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : At umbilicus | T10 at the belly butTEN(and remember that it is important for early appendicitis pain referral) |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : At inguinal ligament | L1 |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : includes the kneecaps | Down on L4s (all fours) |
| Landmark dermatomes - vertebral level : Erection and sensation of penile and anal zones | S2,3,4 keep the penis off the floor |
| Which organ monitor muscle length? | Muscle spindles |
| Which organ monitor muscle tension? | Golgi Tendon organs |
| Which nerve root is responsible for Biceps reflex? | C5 nerve root |
| Which nerve root is responsible for Triceps reflex? | C7 nerve root |
| Which nerve root is responsible for Patella reflex? | L4 nerve root |
| Which nerve root is responsible for Archilles reflex? | S1 nerve root |
| List the CN that lie medially at brain stem | CN 3, 6, 12 (3x2=6, 6x2=12) |
| Which part of the brain stem fuctions as to send auditory info to Medial Geniculate Nucleus? | Inferior colliculi (ear below eye) |
| Which part of the brain stem functions as a conjugate vertical gaze center? | Superior colliculi (eye above ear) |
| Which part of the brain stem functions in melatonin secretion and circadian rhythm? | Pineal gland |
| Which CN functions in : Smell | CN I |
| Which CN functions in : Sight | CN II |
| Which CN functions in : a) Innervating Medial rectus b) Innervating Lateral rectus | a) CN III b) CN VI |
| Which CN functions in : Pupillary constriction | CN III |
| Which CN functions in : Accomodation | CN III |
| Which CN functions in : a) Eyelid opening b) Eyelid closing | a) CN III b) CN VII |
| Which CN functions in : Pupillary reflex | CN II (sensory part), and CN III (motor part) |
| Which CN functions in : Gag reflex | CN IX (sensory part), and CN IX and X (motor part) |
| Which CN functions in : Blink reflex | CN V1 (sensory part), and CN VII (motor part) |
| Which CN functions in : Jaw jerk reflex | CN V3 (sensory part), and CN V3 (motor part) |
| Which CN functions in : Lacrimation reflex | CN V1 (sensory part), and CN VII (motor part) |
| Which CN functions in : Innervating superior oblique muscle | CN IV |
| Which CN functions in : a) Salivation from submandibular and sublingual glands b) Salivation from parotid gland | a) CN VII b) CN IX |
| Which CN functions in : Innervating stapedius muscle in ear | CN VII |
| Which CN functions in : Hearing, balance | CN VIII |
| Which CN functions in taste from : a) anterior 2/3 of tongue b) posterior 1/3 of tongue c) epiglottic region | a) CN VII b) CN IX c) CN X |
| Which CN functions in : Innervating stylopharyngeus | CN IX (therefore involved in both sensory and motor of gag reflex) |
| Which CN functions in monitoring chemo- and baro-receptors in : a) carotid body and sinus b) aortic arch | a) CN IX b) CN X |
| Which CN functions in : Head turning and shoulder shrugging | CN XI |
| Which CN functions in : Tongue movement | CN XII |
| Nuclei of which cranial nerve is located in midbrain? | Nuclei of CN III, IV |
| Nuclei of which cranial nerve is located in the pons? | Nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, VIII |
| Nuclei of which cranial nerve is located in the medulla? | Nuclei of CN IX, X, XI, XII |
| Lesion of which nuclei is associated with : Loss of motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus? | Nucleus aMbiguus (CN IX, X, XI) |
| Lesion of which nuclei is associated with : Loss of visceral sensory information (eg : taste, baroreceptors, gut distention) | Nucleus Solitarius (CN VII, IX, X) |
| Which nucleus is responsible for sending parasympathetic fibers to heart, lungs, and upper GI? | Dorsal motor nucleus |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Cribiform plate | CN I |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Optic canal. | CN II, Ophthalmic artery, Central retinal vein |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Superior orbital fissure | CN III, IV, V1, VI, and Opthalmic vein |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Foramen Rotundum | CN V2 |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Foramen Ovale | CN V3 |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Foramen Spinosum | Middle meningeal artery |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Internal auditory meatus | CN VII, VIII |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Jugular foramen | CN IX, X, XI, and jugular vein |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Hypoglossal canal | CN XII |
| List the CN and/or vessels passing through : Foramen magnum | spinal roots of CN XI, brain stem, and vertebral arteries |
| List the CN that pass through the cavernous sinus. | CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI (the nerves that control the extra-ocular muscles plus V1 and V2 pass through the cavernous sinus) |
| Dx : Opthalmoplegia, opthalmic and maxillary sensory loss | Cavernous sinus syndrome |
| If jaw deviates towards left side, which side is the CN's lesion? | Left CN V3 lesion. Jaw deviates towards side of lesion |
| If tongue deviates towards left side, which side is the CN's lesion? | Left CN XII lesion TOngue deviates towards side of lesion (lick your wounds) |
| If uvula deviates towards left side, which side is the CN's lesion? | Right CN X lesion Uvula deviates AWAY from side of lesion |
| If there is weakness turning head to the left side and shoulder droop on the right side, which side is the CN's lesion? | Right CN XI lesion Weakness turning head to contralateral side of lesion, and shoulder droop on side on lesion. |
| Dx : Paralysis of LEFT lower face | Lesion of RIGHT motor cortex or connection between RIGHT cortex and facial nucleus. (only upper face receives bilateral UMN innervation, lower face receives contralateral UMN innervation) |
| Dx : Ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close eye on involved side | Bell's palsy. (complete destruction of the facial nucleus or its branchial efferent fibers -facial nerve proper) |
| Bell's Palsy is seen as a complication to which diseases? | ALexander graHam Bell AIDS, Lyme disease, Herpes zoster, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes |
| The following KLM sounds test which CN? a) Kuh-Kuh-Kuh b) La-La-La c) Mi-Mi-Mi | a) CN X b) CN XII c) CN VII |
| List the muscles that a) close the jaw b) opens the jaw | a) Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid b) Lateral pterygoid |
| Perilymph is rich in Na+ or K+? | Na+ (think outside the cell) |
| Endolymph is rich in Na+ or K+? | K+ (think inside the cell) |
| Which part of the inner ear detects linear acceleration? | Maculae in utricle and saccule |
| Which part of the inner ear detects Angular acceleration? | Ampullae in semicircular canals |
| Which part of the cochlear senses high frequency sounds? | Base of the cochlear |
| Which part of the cochlear senses low frequency sounds? | Apex of the cochlear |
| Dx : Bone conduction greater than air conduction on Rinne | Conductive hearing loss |
| Dx : Weber localizes to LEFT ear | Think of : LEFT conductive hearing loss, or RIGHT sensorineural hearing loss. |
| Dx : Decreased bilateral sensorineural heearing loss + can't localize sound | Lesion in hearing pathway ABOVE trapezoid body |
| Dx : Ipsilateral sensorineural hearing loss | Lesion at level of cochlear nucelus |
| Which part of the eye is responsible for producing aqueous humor? | Ciliary process |
| Which muscle of the eye is responsible for accomodation? | Ciliary muscle |
| Which part of the eye is responsible for collecting aqueous humor from trabecular meshwork? | Canal of Schlemm |
| Which part of the eye is responsible for absorbing aqueous humor? | Trabecular meshwork |
| Which type of glaucoma is painless and associated with obstructed outflow? | Open angle glaucoma |
| Which type of glaucoma is painful, decreased vision, and associated with obstruction of flow between iris and lens? | Closed angle glaucoma |
| Dx : Painless, decrased vision. Risk factors include age, smoking, EtOH, sunlight, diabetes, trauma, infection. | Cataract |
| Dx : Blurred margins, and bigger blind spot. | Papilledema |
| Which CN damage would present as : eyes look down and out, ptosis, pupillary dilation, loss of accomodation | CN III |
| Which CN damage would present as : Diplopia with downward gaze | CN IV |
| Which CN damage would present as : medially directed eye | CN VI |
| Strabismus, deprivation, and unequal refractive errors may result in what eye condition? | Amblyopia (reduction of vision from disuse in critical period) |
| Edinger-Westphal nuclei has cell body of what nerve? | CN III |
| Upper quadrantic anopia is associated with lesion in where? | Meyer's look (temporal lobe) |
| Lower quadrantic anopia is associated with lesion in where? | Dorsal optic radiation (parietal lobe) |
| Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia is associated with lesion in where? | Optic chaisma |
| Dx : When looking to left, RIGHT eye has medial rectus palsy, and LEFT eye has right-beating nystagmus. Convergence is normal. | Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) syndrome |
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lemontea88
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