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GBCN Pharm Ch 2
Frandsen, G., & Pennington Abrams' clinical drug therapy: CH 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated |
| Agonist | drug that produces effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances |
| Antagonist | drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites |
| Antidote | substance that relieves, prevents, or counteracts the effect of a poison |
| Bioavailability | portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells |
| Biotransformation | when drugs are altered from their original form into a new form by the body; also referred to as metabolism |
| Distribution | transport of drug molecules within the body; after a drug is injected or absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood and tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion |
| Enterohepatic recirculation | drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine, returned to the liver, metabolized, and eventually excreted in urine |
| Enzyme induction | production of larger amounts of drug-metabolizing enzymes by liver cells; process accelerates drug metabolism because larger amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time |
| Excretion | elimination of a drug from the body; effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of the organs of excretion (kidneys, bowel, lungs, and skin) |
| First-pass effect | initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site of action |
| Hypersensitivity | immune-mediated reaction to a drug |
| Loading dose | dose larger than the regular prescribed daily dosage of a medication; used to attain a therapeutic blood level |
| Maintenance dose | quantity of drug that is needed to keep blood levels and/or tissue levels at a steady state or constant level |
| Nephrotoxicity | toxic or damaging effect of a substance on the kidney; potentially serious because renal damage interferes with drug excretion, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects |
| Pharmacodynamics | reactions between living systems and drugs; drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions |
| Pharmacogenomics (pharmacogenetics) | the study of how a person’s genetic heritage leads to variable responses to drugs; more generally refers to genetic polymorphisms that occur in a patient population, such as an ethnic group, as opposed to an individual person |
| Pharmacokinetics | drug movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excretion |
| Polymorphism | the occurrence of two or more clearly different forms (or phenotypes) in a species important in drug therapy because it explains the functionally different response to drugs in a general patient population or a specific individual |
| Prodrugs | initially inactive drugs that exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized |
| Serum drug level | laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time |
| serum half-life | time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%; also called elimination half-life |
Created by:
shenderson36
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