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Biology STAAR Top 30

Biology STAAR Must Know Terms

TermDefinition
Prokaryotic No Nucleus - cell WITHOUT a membrane around the DNA; all bacterial cells
Eukaryotic Yes, has a nucleus - cell WITH a membrane around the DNA
Autotroph "self" "nutrition" - organism that makes its own energy or food Ex: plants, photosynthetic protists, chemosynthetic bacteria
Heterotroph "different" "nutrition" - organism that consumes its energy or food Ex: animal, fungi, some protists
Carbohydrate Biomolecule that's a source of quick energy; sugars. contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen CHO examples: glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose
Lipids Biomolecule that's a source of long term energy; used for insulation, contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen CHO examples: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
Proteins Biomolecule that serve to be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective; may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; made up of amino acids contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen CHON Examples: enzymes, hormones
Nucleic Acids Biomolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell ; contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus CHONP, made up of nucleotides Examples: DNA, RNA
Enzyme protein which speeds up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy for a chemical reaction; effected by temperature or pH values
Deoxyribonucleic Acid genetic information of an organism which contains the code to create all components of an organism
Nucleotide one piece of DNA; contains a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
Complementary Bases A-T, C-G adenine pairs with thymine while cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA ; A-U, C-G adenine pairs with uracil while cytosine pairs with guanine in RNA
Genetic Code Sequence of nitrogen bases , ATCG, in an organism; located in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cells or the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell
Gene Section of DNA which codes for a trait
DNA Mutation Change in the nitrogen base sequence, can be an insertion, deletion, or substitution of a single nitrogen base or can involve an entire chromosome of DNA
Lytic Viral Cycle Quick onset to symptoms; examples COVID-19, common cold, flu
Lysogenic Viral Cycle Slow onset of symptoms; examples HIV, Herpes, Hepatitis
Selectively Permeable Characteristic of the cell membrane which allows some materials in or out of the cell
Cell Membrane Phospholipid bilayer which controls what enters and exits the cell; maintains homeostasis
Nucleus Site of Transcription which makes a messenger RNA (mRNA) ; contains the DNA; control center for the cell
Ribosome Site of Translation which uses mRNA and tRNA to place amino acids in order to make a protein
Chloroplast Site of Photosynthesis which converts light energy into glucose
Mitochondrion Site of Cellular Respiration which breaks down glucose into the usable energy of ATP; Powerhouse of the cell
Common Ancestry living organisms share a common genetic heritage; Organisms more closely related share more DNA sequences
Natural Selection Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
Parasitism Symbiotic Relationship Good for one organism and Bad for the other organism
Mutualism Symbiotic Relationship : Good for both organiams
Commensalism Symbiotic Relationship Good for one organism and Nothing for the other organism
Ecological Succession The recovery of an habitat after a disturbance; primary begins with rock while secondary succession begins with soil
Adaptation Behavioral, Anatomical, or Physiological changes which allow an organism to survive and reproduce ex: migration, mimicry, or claws
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