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Introduction Organic

AQA A Level Chemistry

QuestionAnswer
What is a homologous series? A series of organic compounds, the succeeding members of which differ from each other by CH2 which have the same functional group and similar chemical and physical properties.
What is a functional group? A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.
What is an alkane? A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
What is an alkene? A hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane? -X
What is the functional group of an alcohol? -OH
What is the functional group of an aldehyde? CHO
What is the functional group of a ketone? C=O
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid? COOH
What is an empirical formula? The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is a molecular formula? The formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is a general formula? A generalised formula which enables you to work out the molecular formula of a compound within a homologous series
What is a structural formula? A formula showing the arrangement of atoms in a substance without showing the bonds. E.g. CH₃CH₂CH₃
What is a displayed formula? A formula showing the arrangement of atoms in a substance and all the bonds.
What is a skeletal formula? A simplified version of a displayed formula where straight lines represent carbon-carbon bonds and hydrogens bonded to carbons are emitted.
How do you name a straight chain alkane or alkene? Count the number of carbons in the longest straight chain and assign the prefix. Choose the suffix - ane or ene.
How do you name a straight chain halogenoalkane? Count the number of carbons in the longest straight chain and assign the prefix. Choose the suffix - ane or ene. Indicate the halogen atom using chloro, bromo, iodo and its position (by putting a number before the chloro etc.)
How do you name a branched alkane or alkene? Count the number of carbons in the longest straight chain and assign the prefix. Choose the suffix - ane or ene. Indicate the branches using methyl, ethyl etc. and its position (by putting a number before the alkyl term). More than one branch should be li
What prefixes are used to represent 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 carbons in the longest straight chain? meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex.
Name a given alkane, alkene or halogenoalkane.
How do you name an alcohol, aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid? Find the longest chain of carbon atoms containing the functional group, number the chain starting from the end closest to the functional group, name it as if it were an alkane or alkene, remove the 'e' and add the relevant suffix (e.g. alcohol - ol). Wher
What suffixes are used for an alcohol, aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid? ol, al, one, oic acid.
How should the carbons of an alcohol, aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid be numbered?
Name a given alcohol or carboxylic acid.
Name a given aldehyde or ketone.
What is isomerism? When molecules have the same molecular formula but the arrangement of the atoms is different.
What is structural isomerism? Where isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structure
What are the three types of structural isomerism? Chain, position and functional
What is chain structural isomerism? Where isomers have the same molecular formula but their structure differs in the arrangement of the carbon atoms.
What is positional structural isomerism? Where isomers have the same molecular formula but their structure differs in the position of the functional group.
What is functional group structural isomerism? Where isomers have the same molecular formula but their structure differs in the nature of the functional group.
What is stereoisomerism? Where isomers have the same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space.
What is geometric isomerism? Where isomers have the same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space due to restricted rotation around a C=C.
How do you know if a particular alkene exhibits geometric isomerism? Each carbon in the double bond has 2 different groups attached to it.
How is priority assigned to groups attached to the carbons in a double bond? Using the atomic numbers of the atoms attached.
What is an 'E' geometric isomer? A geometric isomer that has the two priority groups on opposite sides.
What is an 'Z' geometric isomer? A geometric isomer that has the two priority groups on the same side.
How do you assign 'E' or 'Z' to an alkene? Take the left hand carbon of the double bond and use atomic numbers to select the group with the highest priority. Repeat for the right hand carbon. If the two priority groups are on the same side = Z, if they are on opposite sides = E.
How must an alkene be drawn to clearly show geometric isomerism? The C=C must be in the centre with 2 bonds coming from each in a diagonal direction with the groups attached.
What are the three steps involved in working out an empirical formula?
How is a molecular formula worked out from empirical formula? 1. Divide the mass/percentage of each element by its Ar. 2. Divide these numbers by the smallest of these numbers. 3. Multiply by any whole number to produce a whole number ratio.
Work out the empirical formula 1.Wrork out the RFM of the EF. 2. Use the RFM of the EF and the Mr to work out how many times bigger the MF is than the EF. 3.Multiply the EF by this number.
A hydrocarbon contains 87.8% by mass of carbon. Work out the EF. 12.2% Hydrogen, C87.8/12 = 7.3 H12.2/1 = 12.2, C 7.3/7.3 = 1 H 12.2/7.3 = 1.67, C=3 H=5, C3H5
A hydrocarbon has an EF of C3H5 and has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 82.0. Work out the MF. C3H5 (RFM = 41) MF = 2xEF = C6H10
A hydrocarbon contains 87.8% by mass of carbon and has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 82.0. Work out the MF. 12.2% Hydrogen, C87.8/12 = 7.3 H12.2/1 = 12.2, C 7.3/7.3 = 1 H 12.2/7.3 = 1.67, C=3 H=5, C3H5 (RFM = 41) MF = 2xEF = C6H10
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