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ANATOMY
.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stages of mitosis | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
| Interphase | DNA replication occurs before every division |
| Prophase | Nuclear membrane breaks down, Chromatin is now evident, formation of chromosomes from chromatin (becomes thickened and visible), Centrioles migrate |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes attach randomly to spindle at equator of cell, Chromosomes line up randomly at equatorial plane, Spindle fibers extend from centriole to centromere of chromosomes |
| Anaphase | Centromere splits horizontally, |
| Telophase | Nuclear membranes, nucleoli, and cell plate (in plants only) reappears, Cleavage furrow in animal cells, Chromosomes lengthen and disappear, Cell division occurs to produce 2 daughter cells, Beginning of cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells |
| Whats the cell cycle? | Mitotic Phase, G1 phase, s phase, g2 phase. |
| How do cells die? | Killed by harmful agents or mechanical damage, or Induced to commit suicide, process of programmed cell death called apoptosis |
| Cancer | Abnormal growth of cells called a neoplasm or tumor. |
| Benign | Grow slowly and confined to connective tissue Not usually lethal, Potential to become life-threatening if compress organs such as the brain (surgery is necessary) |
| Malignant | Differentiating cells that increase blood supply, grow rapidly, and spread easily to distant sites, a process called metastasis |
| Most common cancer in men? | Prostate |
| Most common cancer in women? | Breast |
| Worst cancers? | Esophageal and pancreatic |
| Leading cause of cancer death in men and women? | Lung |
| What are Oncogenes? | a mutated proto-oncogene that contributes to the development of a cancer |
| what are proto-oncogenes? | normal genes that code for proteins that promote or favor cell division |
| Primary factors contributing to cancers? | Mutations |
| What is a mutagen? | any factors that can trigger mutations |
| Mutagens that cause cancer are called what? | Carcinogens |
| Anatomy | a branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of the body parts and their forms and arrangements. |
| Physiology | A branch of science concerned with the functions of the body parts |
| What is a physiologist? | Someone who find out how body parts carry on life processes usually using complex laboratory equipment to conduct experiments |
| Ten major characteristics of life | Movement, Responsiveness, Growth/development, Reproduction, Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Circulation, Assimilation, Excretion |
| Metabolism | The chemical and physical changes continuously going on in living organisms and their cells ~or~ the sum total of all reactions which occur in a cell. |
| What is the metabolism regulated by? | Hormones |
| Homeostasis was first articulated by who? | Claude Bernard |
| Homeostasis | The tendency to maintain a normal internal stability in an organism by coordinated responses of the organ systems that automatically compensate for environmental change. |
| Exceptions to the rule of Homeostasis? | Elevated body temps in some fishes, Brooding Burmese pythons and Australian pythons, leatherback turtles. |
| What is Glucose regulation controlled by? | The Pancreas |
| what is Type-1 Diabetes? | Insulin deficiency, it is when not enough insulin being made by the pancreas due to a malfunction of the insulin producing cells (autoimmunity), Juvenile onset. |
| What is type 2 diabetes? | Insulin resistance, it occurs when there is plenty of insulin made by the pancreas but the cells of the body are resistant to it's action which results in the blood sugar being too high, adult onset. |
| What is Glucagon? | a Hormone that is secreted by the islet alpha cells of pancreas. |
| What does glucagon do? | Raises blood sugar when blood glucose is low. |
| What is insulin? | A hormone that is secreted by islet beta calls of the pancreas. |
| What does insulin do? | Lowers blood sugar. It increases the storage of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in cells and tissues. |
| What is somatostatin? | a hormone that is secreted by delta cells of the pancreas. |
| What does somatostatin do? | Serves to block the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from adjacent cells. can also regulate locally, the secretion of other pancreatic hormones. |
| What should blood glucose be maintained between? | 70/110 |
| What is <70 termed? | hypoglycemia |
| What is >200 termed? | Hyperglycemia |
| What is hypoglycemia? | refers to a lower than normal amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood |
| What should your blood pressure be if its normal? | 120/80 |
| What is negative feedback control? | when the response diminishes the original stimulus. |
| What is Positive feedback? | Self-regulating, but responds in the same direction as the initial stimulus |
| Five major needs of organisms | Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure |
| What is apart of the Posterior (dorsal) Cavity? | Cranial cavity, vertebral canal (spinal) |
| What is apart of the Anterior (ventral) cavity? | Thoracic cavity, Abdominopelvic, abdominal(upper and lower cavity) Pelvic cavity, scrotal cavity. |
| What smaller body cavities are in the skull (cranium)? | Oral Nasal orbital frontal Sphenoidal middle ear |
| What are the joint cavities of the knee and elbow called? | Synovial |
| What are the two main regions of the body called? | Axial (head, neck, truck), Appendicular(limbs) |
| what does the abdominopelvic area consist of? | 4 quadrants and 9 regions |
| What are the 4 quadrants and 9 regions that make up the abdominal area (abdominopelvic)? | Epigastric Hypochondriac Left hypochondriac Right hypochondriac Umbilical Lumbar (abdominal) Left lumbar (abdominal) Right lumbar (abdominal) Hypogastric (pubic) iliac Left iliac (inguinal) Right iliac (inguinal) |
| What was the Kahun papyri focused on? | Gynecology |
| What was the Ebers papyri focused on? | Internal medicine |
| What was the Edwin Smith Papyrus focused on? | Surgical wounds and fractures. |
| Who was Imhotep? | First physician in history. |
| What where early medical treatments? | Manipulation, cauterization, Splinting, cleansing, drainage, debridement of wounds, anti bacterial wound dressing. |
| What is Hippocrates known for? | Father of medicine and Hippocratic oath, systemized medicine |
| Aristotle | Founder of comparative anatomy |
| Herophilus | Duodenum |
| Erasistratus | Treachea, S-shaped catheter |
| Claudius Galenus (Galen) | Used pigs and apes, detailed tumors and arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity. |
| Pedanius Dioscorides | De materia medica |
| Avicenna (ign sina) | The canon of medicine |
| Moshe ben maimon (maimonides) | Physician to oldest son of Saladin |
| Ibn an-Nafis | Father of circulatory physiology. corrected Galen and avicenna |
| L. Da Vinci | Drawing mitral vavle. |
| Andreas Vesalius | The greatest, De humani corporis, mandible 1 bone. |
| Realdus (realdo) Colombua | First to describe the pulmonary circulation, first to discover clitoris |
| Michael Servetus | Discovered part of blood circulates thru lungs. burned on own books. |
| Gabriel Fallopius | First to discribe uterine tubes, did not know function. described inner ear. |
| Francis Bacon | Father of scientific method. The word euthanasia was first used in a medical context by him. |
| William Harvey | Father of modern physiology. |
| Robert Hooke | First described calls when examining piece of cork (oak tree bark) crude microscope max mag 30x. Micrographia |
| Antony Van Leeuwenhoek | Father of the microscope, examined tissues and descriped blood cells and skeletal muscle |
| Marcelo Malpighi | Father of microscopical anatomy, histology, physiology and embryology. showed RBC's give blood red color. |
| Giovanni Battista Morgagni | Father of modern anatomical pathology, Mogagni's columns of the rectrum and anus. |
| Histology | the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. |
| developmental biology | field of biology that studies the processes by which multicellular organisms grow and develop, controlled by their genes |
| J. Peter Muller | Physiologist and comparative anatomist. Trained cell biologist schwann, schleiden, and virchow. |
| Baron carl van Rokitansky | Pathology of GI diseases, perhaps greatest pathologist. |
| What are the two primary generalizations of cell theory? | All living being are composed of cells and cell products and cell cells come from other cells, new cells are formed only by cell division of pre-existing cells. |
| Rudolf virchow | Father of Modern scientific medicine, "omnis cellula e cellula", first systematic autopsies |
| Claude Bernard | Father of experimental medicine, Physiology of smooth muscle. |
| Samuel D Gross | Finest trauma surgeon of his time, Founder of AMA, Offered first course in pathology. |
| Henry Gray | Grays anatomy |
| Sir William Osler | "The Principles and Practice of Medicine", Father of Modern Medicine, 1 of 4 who founded John Hopkins Hospital |
| Frank Netter | Medicine’s Michelangelo, Atlas of Human Anatomy, His anatomical drawings are the benchmark by which all other medical art is measured and judged |
| Michael DeBakey | Most famous heart surgeon in world, Developing the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (MASH), Cardiac bypass surgery |
| Christian Barnard | Developed RA and had to quit, South African surgeon-died from asthma attack! First successful human heart transplant |
| Adrian Kantrowicz | The 1st human-to-human heart transplant in the US and the 2nd in the world was performed by him, |
| Norman Shumway | The first adult human-to-human heart transplant in the US, underwent surgery on January 6, 1968. The patient was a 54-yr-old man who received the heart of a 43-yr-old man. The recipient died 15 days later of multiple systemic complications. |
| Denton Cooley | Cardiovascular surgeon, perfected the heart-lung machine, First successful adult human heart transplant in U.S, First artificial heart implant-65 hrs, |
| William DeVries | Performed first successful permanent artificial heart implant, |
| Robert Jarvik | Designed Jarvik-7 artificial heart, New model: Jarvik 2000 Flowmaker |
| Jack Kervorkian | Dr. Death, helped over 130 patients, went to jail |
| In what states is Euthanasia legal? | None, it is illegal in all states of the US |
| Whats the difference between Euthanasia and (PAD)? | Euthanasia entails the physician or another third party administering the medication, whereas PAD requires the patient to self-administer the medication and to determine whether and when to do this. |
Created by:
halderman
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