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Latin
Henle First Year Latin Grammar
| topic | explanation |
|---|---|
| The First Declension Singular | Nominative ----- -a -------subject Genitive --------- -ae ------possessive Dative ----------- -ae -------indirect object Accusative ----- -am -------direct object Ablative --------- -ā |
| The First Declension Plural | Nominative ----- -ae -------subject Genitive--------- -ārum ---possessive Dative------------ -īs --------indirect object Accusative------- -ās ------direct object Ablative---------- -īs |
| The First Declension Gender | All nouns naming individual male persons are MASCULINE. All other nouns are FEMININE. |
| Accent | In words of two syllables, the accent is on the FIRST. examples: vía; béllum In words with more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable. examples: vidērunt; agmine |
| Quality of Syllables | A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong. examples: regere; gloria |
| Quality of Syllables | A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r,l) examples: studēre; regendus |
| Nouns | Nouns have gender, number, case, and declension. |
| The Five Latin Declensions | -ae ------- -ī ------- -is ------- -ūs ------- -eī |
| Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension Singular | Nominative ------- -us --------subject Genitive ----------- -ī ---------possessive Dative ------------- -ō ---------indirect object Accusative -------- -um -------direct object Ablative ----------- -ō |
| Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension Plural | Nominative ------- -ī ---------subject Genitive ----------- -ōrum ---possessive Dative ------------- -īs --------indirect object Accusative ------- -ōs --------direct object Ablative ----------- -īs |
| Declining a Noun | The nominative, genitive, and gender of a noun determine how to decline it. |
| Declining a Noun | The STEM is that part of a word that keeps its spelling. It gives the MEANING of the word. The ENDINGS show what the WORD DOES in the sentence- whether it's the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc. |
| Declining a Noun | The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is ALWAYS like the NOMINATIVE. |
| Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension Singular | Nominative ------- -um -------subject Genitive ----------- -ī ----------possessive Dative ------------- -ō ----------indirect object Accusative -------- -um -------direct object Ablative ----------- -ō |
| Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension Plural | Nominative ------- -a -------subject Genitive ----------- -ōrum ----------possessive Dative ------------- -īs ----------indirect object Accusative -------- -a -------direct object Ablative ----------- -īs |
| The Third Declension | The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx - law, pars - part, flūmen - river, hostis - enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. Its genitive ending is ALWAYS -is. This shows the third declension and its stem. |
| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns naming individual female persons are FEMININE. |
| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are MASCULINE unless they name an individual female. Then they are FEMININE. |
| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are FEMININE unless they name an individual male. Then they are MASCULINE. |
| The Third Declension Gender | Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are NEUTER unless they name an individual male. Then they are MASCULINE, or if they name an individual female. Then they are FEMININE. |
| Masculīnī generis | words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis, in -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis); as neuter mark the -us (with -ris) |
| Declension | First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive. |
| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example lēx) | Nominative ------- lēx --------the law Genitive ----------- lēg-is -----of the law Dative ------------- lēg-ī ------to (for) the law Accusative -------- lēg-em ---the law Ablative ----------- lēg-e ------by, etc., the law |
| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example lēgēs) | Nominative ------- lēg-ēs --------the laws Genitive ----------- lēg-um -------of the laws Dative ------------- lēg-ibus ------to (for) the laws Accusative -------- lēg-ēs --------the laws Ablative ----------- lēg-ibus ------by, etc., the laws |
| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example pars) | Nominative ------- pars ----------the part Genitive ----------- part-is -------of the part Dative ------------- part-ī --------to (for) the part Accusative -------- part-em -----the part Ablative ----------- part-e --------by, etc., the part |
| Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example partēs) | Nominative ---- part-ēs --------the parts Genitive -------- part-ium ------of the parts Dative ---------- part-ibus ------to (for) the parts Accusative ----- part-ēs ---------the parts Ablative -------- part-ibus ------by, etc., the parts |
| Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns | Add the endings of lēx or pars except nouns that have -ium in the genitive plural (like partium). Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as the nominative singular. (hostis, hostis (hostium)). |
| Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns | Add the endings of lēx or pars except nouns whose stem ends in two consonants (gēns, gentis,tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium). |
| Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns | Exceptions: With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium |
| Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example flūmen) | Nominative ------ flūmen -------the river Genitive ---------- flūmin-is -----of the river Dative ------------ flūmin-ī ------to (for) the river Accusative ------- flūmen -------the river Ablative ---------- flūmin-e ------by, with, from the river |
| Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example flūmina) | Nominative ---- flūmin-a -------the rivers Genitive -------- flūmin-um -----of the rivers Dative ---------- flūmin-ibus ----to (for) the rivers Accusative ----- flūmin-a -------the rivers Ablative -------- flūmin-ibus ----by, with, from the rivers |
| Declension | For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen except those which end their nominative with -e, -al, -ar. These have ī in the ablative singular, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural, and -ium in the genitive plural. |
| Declension | The vocative is ALWAYS like the nominative. |
| The Fourth Declension Singular | Nominative ------ port-us ------the harbor Genitive -----------port-ūs ------of the harbor Dative ------------ port-uī ------to (for) the harbor Accusative ------- port-um -----the harbor Ablative ---------- port-ū -------by, with, from the harbor |
| The Fourth Declension Plural | Nominative ---- port-ūs -------the harbors Genitive ---------port-uum ----of the harbors Dative ---------- port-ibus -----to (for) the harbors Accusative ----- port-ūs --------the harbors Ablative -------- port-ibus -----by, with, from the harbors |
| The Fourth Declension Gender | All masculine except manus, ūs - feminine hand; domus, ūs - feminine house; cornū, ūs - neuter horn; genū, ūs - neuter knee; a few others |
| The Fourth Declension domus, domūs - feminine house, home | ----------------- singular ---- plural Nominative -- domus ---- domūs Genitive ------ domūs ---- domōrum or domuum Dative -------- domuī ----- domibus Accusative --- domum ---- domōs or domūs Ablative ------ domō ------ domibus |
| Neuter Nouns in the Fourth Declension | Have -ū in the accusative singular (like the nominative) and -ua in the nominative and accusative plural. |
| Neuter Nouns in the Fourth Declension | ----------------- singular ----- plural Nominative -- corn-ū ----- corn-ua Genitive ------ corn-ūs ---- corn-uum Dative -------- corn-ū ----- corn-ibis Accusative --- corn-ū ------ corn-ua Ablative ------ corn-ū ------ corn-ibus |
| The Fifth Declension Singular | Nominative ------ rēs -------the thing Genitive ---------- r-eī ------of the thing Dative ------------ r-eī ------to (for) the thing Accusative ------- r-em -----the thing Ablative ---------- r-ē -------by, with, from the thing |
| The Fifth Declension Plural | Nominative ------ r-ēs ----------the things Genitive ---------- r-ērum-------of the things Dative ------------ r-ēbus -------to (for) the things Accusative ------- r-ēs ----------the things Ablative ---------- r-ēbus -------by, with, from the things |
| The Fifth Declension Gender | All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine.In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a "period of time" even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs - feminine faith, have no plural forms. |
| The Fifth Declension Genitive and Dative Singular | The genitive and dative singular ending is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem, di, therefore di-ēī. |
| Declining an Adjective | 1. Learn the nominative and genitive from the vocabularies. 2. Those show what model the adjective follows. 3. Add the endings of this model to the stem. |
Created by:
Kari'sClass
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