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Blood Evidence & DNA
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spatter pattern | one of the 3 main types of bloodstain patterns, the includes all patterns resulting from an external force on an open source of blood |
| Transfer pattern | one of the 3 main types of bloodstain patterns, the includes all patterns resulting from a bloody surface coming into contact with a nonbloody surface |
| Passive pattern | one of the 3 main types of bloodstain patterns, the includes all patterns created without any outside external force except gravity |
| Cast-off Pattern | a type of spatter pattern, this pattern results from blood being flung off of a moving object |
| Void pattern | a type of spatter pattern, this pattern results from an object blocking blood spatter, creating a white space within the spatter |
| Arterial spurt | a type of spatter pattern, this pattern results from an artery being cut and spraying blood in heavy pulses |
| Drip pattern | a type of passive pattern, this pattern results from a blood falling onto a sufrace under the influence of gravity |
| Saturation pattern | a type of passive pattern, this pattern results from a blood accumulating on a surface and soaking into it |
| Pooling pattern | a type of passive pattern, this pattern results from a blood accumulating on a surface and staying on top of the surface |
| Back spatter | a type of spatter pattern, this pattern results from blood moving in the opposite direction of the force applied on the blood source |
| forward spatter | a type of spatter pattern, this pattern results from blood moving in the same direction of the force applied on the blood source |
| Swipe pattern | a type of transfer pattern, this pattern results from a bloody object moving across a nonbloody surface |
| Wipe pattern | a type of transfer pattern, this pattern results from a nonbloody object moving across a bloody surface |
| Flow pattern | a type of passive pattern, this pattern results from a blood moving along a surface under the influence of gravity |
| Expirated blood | blood that has come from an airway that usually contains air bubbles |
| Satellite stains | tiny bloodstains that have separated from a larger blood stain and are located around the outside of it |
| Serum separation | when the edges of a bloodstain turn more clear due to the plasma in the blood moving to the edges of the stain |
| Direction of blood spatter | This is shown by the "tail" of the bloodstain, which is the part of the bloodstain that thins out and appears to "point" in a certain direction |
| Edge characteristics | These describe what the outside of the bloodstain looks like, and depends on the surface the bloodstain is on. Some examples include "smooth", "scalloped", "spiky", etc |
| Feathering | This effect of movement through blood causes blood to become lighter in color and thinner in width, helping indicate the direction of the movement |
| Gene region | This region of DNA contains all useful genetic information for humans, and cannot be used in profiling to differentiate between different people because all humans have ones of the same length |
| Non-coding region | This region of DNA does not contain useful genetic information, and it is used to differentiate between different people because people have different lengths of these sections, due to all people having a unique set of STR's |
| short tandem repeat (STR) | a short sequence of DNA, usually 2-7 nucleotides in length that reoccurs multiple times in a row; the number of repetitions varies between individuals |
| DNA primer | a short DNA sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis; two of these that surround a region of interest in the genome can be used to amplify (copy) that region of DNA. |
| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that synthesizes (builds) DNA from nucleotides. |
| DNA profiling | a forensic technique used to identify individuals based on their DNA. |
| Gel electrophoresis | a technique used to separate molecules (such as DNA) by size; smaller DNA molecules travel farther through the porous substance than large DNA molecules |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a technique used to make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA, in which primers (short segments of DNA) bind to either side of a region of interest and DNA polymerase then copies the DNA between the primers |
| Red blood cells | These blood components carry respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide; they make up about 44% of blood |
| White blood cells | These blood components fight disease and foreign elements in the blood; they make up the smallest portion of the blood; antibodies are an example of these |
| Platelets | These blood components aid in blood clotting and help repair damaged blood vessels; they make up the 2nd smallest portion of the blood |
| Plasma | This liquid blood component makes up the majority of blood |
| Blood type | This classification indicates the antigens that are found on a person's red blood cells |
| Antigen | In blood, these "markers" are on red blood cells to help identify what kind of blood type the cells belong to |
| Antibody | This kind of white blood cell is structured in such a way that it binds to a specific antigen to cause an immune response |
| Antigen-antibody response | This is what happens when an antigen and antibody match up and fit together |
| Agglutination | This happens as a result of an antigen-antibody response, and the blood with become clumpy |
| Blood clot | An excessive amount of agglutination can lead to this dangerous occurence |
Created by:
Tdavenport
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