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Language levels
Discourse
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Discourse markers | Words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write (e.g. OK, So, “As I was saying…”). |
Adjuncts | Non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted (e.g. “I’ll see you in the morning”). |
Disjuncts | Sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows (e.g. “Frankly, I’m appalled at what she said” or “Sadly, not one of them survived”). |
Narrative structures | How events, actions and processes are sequenced when recounting a story. |
Anaphoric reference | Making reference back to something previously identified in a text (often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point e.g. “The woman stood by the door. She made detailed notes of what she could see”). |
Cataphoric reference | Making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text. E.g. “It was warm. It was living. It was a rabbit.” |
Exophoric reference | Making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself (as opposed to endophoric, which is within the language of the text), perhaps within a speaker’s immediate physical context e.g. “Look at that”. |
Interdiscursivity (or intertextuality) | The use of discourses from one field as part of another (e.g. the use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products, or the use of commercial discourses in education). |
Critical discourse analysis | The use of linguistic analysis to explore and challenge the ideologies, positions and values of texts and their producers. |