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Argument fallacies

TermDefinition
strawman Misrepresenting, distorting, or exaggerating the opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack.
post hoc Mistakenly establishes a causal relationship between two events. Assuming one event caused the other.
Appeal to emotion Manipulating emotional response (pathos) in place of a valid or compelling argument.
fallacy fallacy Assuming that an argument containing a fallacy means the conclusion/claim of that argument is false.
slippery slope When an argument suggests that one thing will lead to another Special Pleading and another, usually in a negative aspect
Ad Hominem Attacking the opponent’s character or personal traits rather than their argument.
Tu Quoque Literally meaning “you too.” Turning your opponent’s criticism of you back on them, essentially saying “you do the same thing.”
Personal Incredulity Claiming something isn’t true because it is hard to understand or believe.
Special Pleading Applying an idea/standard to others, but making exceptions or “moving the goalposts” when it comes to you or circumstances close to you.
Loaded Question Asking a question that has a controversial/unfair assumption so that it cannot be answered without admitting guilt.
Burden of Proof In argument, the burden of proof lies with the person making the claim (that is, the person making the claim is the one responsible to prove their point). In this fallacy, you claim that the burden of proof is on someone else.
Ambiguity Using double meaning, and confusing/ambiguous language to mislead/misrepresent the truth.
Gambler’s Fallacy Believing that a certain event is more likely to happen in the future because something similar in the past happened
Bandwagon Believing something is true or acceptable only because the product/idea is popular.
Appeal to Authority Claiming that something is true because it comes from an authority
Composition/Division Taking an attribute of one thing and applying it to an entire class, or vice versa
No True Scotsman Saying that X isn’t true to a group because they do not fit a claim that all of the group does Y.
Genetic Either dismissing or embarrassing an argument based on the origin of the claim.
Black or White Two alternatives are presented as the only possibilities when more possibilities exist.
Begging the Question The premise assumes the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it
Appeal to Nature Claiming that something is good because it is “natural” or that something is bad because it is “unnatural”
Anecdotal Using personal experience or a single example in place of credible evidence
Texas Sharpshooter Cherry-picking data clusters to suit your argument. Differences in data are ignored and similarities emphasized.
Middle Ground Claiming that the middle ground between two extremes must be the truth
Created by: noodls41poodle
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