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AICP Exam
Study for 2023 Spring AICP Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Who created the first plan city plan, known as "The Holy Experiment?" | William Penn in 1682 who lays out the City of Philadelphia in a grid pattern with five public squares |
| Ordinance of 1785 | Provided rectangular land survey of the old Northwest. It has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic." |
| Report on Manufacturers | 1791, Alexander Hamilton argued for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry to promote industry in early America |
| The American System | 1818, Henry Clay proposed plan to allocate federal funds to promote development of the national economy by combining tariffs with infrastructure improvements (roads, bridges, canals, ect) |
| What year was the Erie Canal completed? | 1825, the artificial waterway connected the northeasters states with the West and facilitated connection between the regions |
| When and where was the National Road completed? | 1839 in Vandalia, Illinois. It began in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland. Helped open the Ohio Valley to settlement. |
| When and where was the first "Model Tenement" built? | 1855 in Manhattan |
| Homestead Act | 1862, Opened lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence as long as they made "improvements" to the land (agriculture, ranching, etc). |
| Morrill Act | 1862, Authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from sales would be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering , and other practical arts. These colleges were known as "land grant colleges" |
| New York Council of Hygiene for the Citizens Association | a campaign launched in 1864 to raise housing and sanitary standards for residents in New York City. |
| Riverside, Illinois | A planned suburban community designed by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux, stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities. |
| When and where did the first transcontinental railroad meet? | Promontory Point, Utah. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads met on May 10, 1869. |
| Report on Lands of the Arid Region of the United States | Written by John Wesley Powell, he proposed a regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources. |
| Progress and Poverty | Written by Henry George presenting an argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax |
| "Dumbbell Tenement," | 1879, called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space). |
| U.S. Geological Survey | Established in 1879 to survey and classify all Public Domain lands. |
| Pullman, Illinois | Built in 1880-1884 as a model industrial town by George Pullman |
| Mugler v Kansas, 1887 | US Supreme Court ruled that the courts have the duty to strike down local laws that do not have a real or substantial relation to the police power: to protect the health, safety, welfare, and morals of the community. |
| "How the Other Half Lives" | Jacob Riis, 1890. a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform. |
| General Land Law Revision Act of 1891 | gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation. |
| Sierra Club | Founded in 1892 to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment. John Muir, Scottish-American naturalist, and a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder. |
| World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago | 1893, Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession. |
| United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co., 1896 | The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. |
| Forest Management Act. 1897 | Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves. |
| "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" | Written in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard, it was the source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as "Garden Cities of Tomorrow". |
| Gifford Pinchot | In 1898, becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation. |
| New York State Tenement House Law of 1901 | The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement." Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer. |
| U.S. Reclamation Act of 1902 | Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works. |
| Letchworth | 1903, First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.). |
| Public Lands Commission | 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for orderly land development and management. |
| Antiquities Act of 1906 | First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas: "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest." |
| New York Committee on the Congestion of Population. | Founded in 1907. Fostered movement, led by its secretary, Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize New York's dense population. |
| Inland Waterway Commission | Founded in 1907 by President Roosevelt to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply |
| White House Conservation Conference | in 1908, State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources. |
| First National Conference on City Planning | Held in 1909 in Washington, D.C. |
| Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago | Published in 1909, first metropolitan plan in the United States |
| First course in city planning in this country | inaugurated in Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department in 1909. Taught by James Sturgis Pray. |
| Welch v. Swasey, 1909 | The US Supreme Court upholds municipal regulation of building heights in the case Welch v. Swasey. This validated the use of construction standards to uphold public safety. |
| "The Principles of Scientific Management" | Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911, fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including efficiency in city government. |
| "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" | 1912 by Walter D. Moody, is adopted as an eigth-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level. |
| What was the first university chair of planning? | 1913, A chair in Civic Design, first of its kind in the U.S., is created in the University of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for Charles Mulford Robinson, one of the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition. |
| "Carrying Out the City Plan" | First major textbook on city planning, written by Flavel Shurtleff in 1914 |
| Panama Canal | Constructed in 1914, was completed and open to work commerce. |
| Harland Bartholomew | Eventually the country's best known planning consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission in 1914. |
| Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 1915 | the US Supreme Court upheld a municipal regulation that governed the placement of land uses. |
| Patrick Geddes | "Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution in 1915. |
| "Planning of the Modern City" | Written by Nelson P. Lewis, discussing planning issues as an engineering issues |
| What was the nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution? | In 1916, nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning." |
| When was the National Park Service founded? | August 25th, 1916, established with sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value. |
| Who was the first president of newly founded American City Planning Institute? | Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 1917 |
| U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation | Established in 1918, influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for World War I workers. |
| Boston Metropolitan District Commission | Founded in 1919, Three early unifunctional regional authorities--the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission-- |
| the first historic preservation commission in the U.S., 1921 | Vieux Carre Commission in New Orleans |
| When was Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created? | 1922, first of its kind in the United States |
| When was the inauguration of Regional Plan of New York? | 1922 under Thomas Adams |
| Mariemont, Ohio | 1923, suburban Cincinnati. Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor; John Nolen, the planner. Some of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement. |
| Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 1922 | The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. "Property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking." |
| Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1924 | U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover. Model law for U.S. states to enable zoning regulations in their jurisdictions. |
| Sunnyside Gardens | A planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, is built between 1924-1928 by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. |
| Which was the first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan? | Cincinnati, Ohio in 1925 |
| Concentric Zone | Ernest Burgess model of urban structure and land use published in 1925. Zones are: the central business district (CBD), the industrial zone, the working-class zone, the residential zone, and the commuter zone |
| When was first City Planning journal published? | April, 1925, The American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning. |
| Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty, 1926 | Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. (Case argued by Alfred Bettman.) |
| "Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement" | Written by Robert Murray Haig in 1928, it viewed land use as a function of accessibility. |
| Nectow v. City of Cambridge, 1928 | The US Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional a local zoning ordinance that was not reasonable tied to a valid public purpose under the police power. |
| Radburn, New Jersey | Construction began in 1928, it was a planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns. |
| the Neighborhood Unit | Clarence Perry, 1929. A planning model for residential development to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighborhoods. |
| What was the first instance of rural zoning? | Wisconsin law in 1929, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict, and determine the areas which agriculture, forestry, and recreation may be conducted." |
| Stock market crash | 1929, ushers in the Great Depression and fosters ideas of public planning on a national scale |
| National Land Utilization Conference | Held in Chicago in 1931, 300 agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation |
| Federal Home Loan Bank System | Established to shore up shaky home financing institutions, 1932 |
| Bove V. Donner-Hanna Coke Corp, 1932 | The court ruled that an owner cannot make use of his property if it creates a material annoyance to his neighbor or if his neighbor's property or life is materially lessened by the use. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Established to revive economic activity after the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions |
| Home Owners Loan Corporatoin | Established in 1933 to help save homeowners from losing their home through foreclosure |
| National Planning Board | Established in 1933 in the Interior Department to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works under the direction of Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Michell. |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | 1933, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 | Regulates agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recovery measure. |
| National Housing Act of 1934 | Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages |
| Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 | regulates the use of the range int he West for conservation purposes |
| REsettlement Administration | established under Rexford Tugwell to carry our experiments in land reform and population resettlement. The agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio) |
| "Regional Factors in National Planning" | Published in1935 by the National Resources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literature |
| Soil Conservation Act of 1935 | Congress moves to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility |
| The Historic Sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act of 1935 | Predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Aft. Requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs |
| Social Security Act of 1935 | Creates a safe net for the elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter |
| Grande Coulee Dam | Central Washington, the largest concrete structure in the U.S. and the heart of the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in its scope to the TVA. Irrigation, electric power generation, and flood control in the Pacific Northwest |
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