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Philosophy (RPE)
Alevel, Edexcel
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Paley | Analogy of design argument: Purpose- Everything in a watch/ the world appears to fullfill a purpose/function= designer Regularity- Watch functions with small mechanical movements, like animals/plants- regularity demands designer |
| Aquinas (Cosmological argument) | 5 ways: Causation: Nothing that exists is causeless, the uncaused causer contingency: All current things are contingent- the must be a first non-contingent being Motion: all motion is caused by something else- the unmoved mover Infinite regress = no |
| Hume (Design/ cosmological argument) | We cannot speak meaningfully about what we have not experienced(watch≠world) Sufficient reason- those who look for the ulitmate begining are looking for something that cannot be found Fallacy of composition- we cannot know the whole from a single part. |
| Anslem | 1st proof- To be the most increadible thing, God must exist Crit- Gaunilo's Island, by that logic the best island exists 2nd proof- God is noncontingent (asiety). It is possible for the Island to not exist as the Island is dependent on variables. |
| Russell (Ontological arguement/text) | Existance is a false predicate, it is an existential qualifier Eg cows exist tells us nothing about cows, it is an extension of knowledge. Intention would be cows have 4 legs Anslem prove false things: donkeys exist, eyore is a donkey, eyore exists |
| William James | PINT- Passive- overwhelmed (joy) Ineffible Noetic-Gains knowledge otherwise impossible Transition-Time feels different Pragmatism, truth unverifable, REs=true religion |
| Otto | REs are numinous in nature Mysterium tremendum-sense of dread Mystrerium fascinans- REs fascinate and compell Experiencer feels connection to the Ultimate and will cont to live a changed life RE not numinous= not true RE |
| Persinger | Properly tuned magnetic fields can mimic feelings of a RE, eg etheral presence: tested via God helmet to trigger REs REs and paranormal explained by physical experiences |
| Dawkins (Religious experience) | REs are the cause of a pschotic mindset Any sane person would see they are delusions EG Paul's vison of Kosher food |
| Mackie | The God of classical theism is inconsistant (triad) Adequate solutions- compromise on God's attributes eg Augustine's theodicy Fallicious solutions- Explicitly state to uphold God but compromise anyway. (Freewill- paradox of omnipotence) |
| Hume (Evil and suffering) | Supports the idea of Epicurus' inconsistant triad. Only two of God's attributes are possible God is not omnipotent God is not omnibenevolant Evil does not exist Evil exists so God doesn't Suffering is the rock of athiesm |
| Augustine | Theodicy, evil is the privation of good Natural evil exists because Satan corrupted nature Human evil exists because of the fall It matches the Bible but does suggest that God is somehow weaker than Satan/ doesn't justify eternal Hell |
| Iraneus (Now with added Hick) | Vale of soul making. We must have suffering to help us grow and evolve. Right now we are of God's image but must grow into His likeness Virtues cannot develop without suffering. However, many virtues are developed by someone else suffering soooo... |
| Wittgenstien | First- picture theory, meaningful is pictured realistically (influenced logical positivism Crit: Language games- every situation/group has its own language game eg chess queen≠Queen. Religion is a form of life. language understood only by believer |
| Philips | Religion is lang game not rooted in reason, own system. 'God exists' not grounded in reality but are emotional expressions of belief. EG Jesus is God's son only makes sense to Christians and God is Jesus' son is universally meaningless |
| Aquinas (Analogy and symbol) | God made the world so we must be able to infer truths form His creation. Analogy of attribution- We define a good baker based on their products, we define God based on us. Analogy of Proportion-A dog's love is inferior, so God's love must be superior |
| Tillich | Signs are arbitary images associated with things eg colour of emergency lights. Symbols participate in the reality represented and provide deeper understanding eg art. Numinous in nature all we know of God is symbol eg divine justice=self judgment |
| Ayer | Weak verification- Associated with emperical evidence eg history (crit- or Jesus) Strong ver- basic analytic/synthetic statments |
| Mitchell | Belief in God is an attitude, cognitive, needs some evidence Analogy of stranger and partisan. One deep convo=trust. Partisan sees Stranger in all sorts of roles yet still trusts Eschalogical verificationism(Hick we only know the truth when we die) |
| Dawkins (Critique of belief/ Science v religion) | Natural selection/psychics' laws is a better explanation for universe than God. Rejects intelligent designer due to improbability (Dutchman's Pipe) Belief=prevents humanity's progression. Proving God via reason is no more than a word game/wishful thinks |
| Westphal | Looks at the Enlightenment shift to Diesm. Analogy of corn. Remove the husk of scripture=better understanding the kernal of God. Eg French rev (1789-99) first time RCC separated from State so overcoming revelation=unity and tolerance God known≠apriori |
| Coppleston | Jesuit priest Believes God is necessary for existance He is the first cause/unmoved mover (misunderstands what logical positivists understand by meaning=weakens argument) RE= verifies God |
| Russell (Religious Experience) | RE are too private and cannot confirm God's existance/verify anything. |
| Hick | Replica Theory 1)disappear NYC, reappear Aussie, assumed same person. 2)die NYC, appear alive in Aussie, figured same person 3) die NYC, appear in 'ressurection world' would come to conclusion you were in afterlife. (exact replica? Dementia/cremated) |
| Plato | Everything has opposite so phsyical v metaphysical At death soul returns to world of forms to contemplate form until reincarnation. the Knowlede aquired needs remebering(amnesis)=universal truths eg love and geometry. Lead with head, not stomach/chest |
| Aristotle | 4 causes to explain all (soul) Matter-nonphysical Form-animate living Effiecent cause-tied to physical body Final Cause-rationality, eternal truths. without body, soul dies (soft materialism) |
| Darwin | Humans are not peak creation(made by God) because natural selection and evolution has lead to our survival/development undermines creationism (world made in 6 days, we have dominion) as we don't need God to explain us |
| Define inductive reasoning | Go from specific to General Often exploratory |
| Define deductive reasoning | Go from General to specific used to verify hypotheses, can verify an inductive conclusion if necessary |
| Tennant | Anthropic Principle The probability of the universe is so small that it must have had a guiding hand. Weak- Because we are here, the world has properties to sustain life (no cause) Strong- We could not exist in any other formation of universe- diestic |
| Russell- Brute fact | The universe is a _______ _______ and so needs no futher explanation Eg The universe itself or BB could be the first mover |
| Descartes | We have an inate and perfect understanding of God. God's essence is that He is extremely perfect, and to be so must exist |
| Davies | 7 types of RE Awarness-sense God's work quasi-sensory-vision numinous-holiness regenerative-chaange/convert interpretative-prayers answered mystical-ulimate reality revelatory-enlightenment |
| Feuerbach | We created God in our own image He is human projection |
| Swinburne (REs) | 5 parts of REs Common Public- sunset Uncommon Public- burning bush Private object-nonkosher cloth Private ineffable- numinous presence no object- ghost credulity- we should believe people testimony- people don't lie |
| Islam on evil | exists from temptations from Shaytan (Satan) against the good guidance of Allah |
| Buddhism on evil | We create it ourselves |
| Swinburne (Evil and suffering) | Free Will defence For humans to have a meaningful relationship with God, God's love must be earned. We must chose God (have free will) Genuine free will risks evil, we must grow (Hick- does not explain natural evil) |
| Leibniz | Best of all possible worlds God is all loving and powerful so could create what was truly best Plantagina-world is better with one more righteous person, this disproves God/God's love |
| Whitehead | Process theodicy God constantly changed-like us God is bipolar= physical world and mental (power) God is not omnipotent, only develops and guides what exists. God suffers with us- Griffin-God is most worthy of our love for trying to help |
| Define univocal language | Words used in different contexts, same meanings (anthropmorphises God as we use human terms for God) |
| Define equivocal language | Words have completely different meanings dependent on context, God language is completely meaningless (link to Philips) |
| Define Via negitiva | Eastern Orthodox understanding of God. All we know about God is what we don't know. God is not physical evil male |
| Sociological explanation for religion | It is the opiate of the masses, it keeps the w/c in the place by justifying suffering and promises rewards |
| Lyotard | Postmodern religion Nothing exists apart from in our own minds. The institution of faith creates a dangerous metanarritive that prevnts free thought and will If we are going to believe, then it must be small/personal; |
| Hindu view on the soul | Reincarnation into a different body (same soul) future transmigration of soul based on Karma Cycle called Samsara Englightenment called Maksha- freedom from cycle |
| Buddhists on the soul | Rebirth, continuity between cycles but not the same identity. Karma could get ya at any time, this life of future. annatta-no self= you are in a constant state of flux so no 'self'. Once we let go of this, we reach enlightment (nibbana) |
| Dawkins (scientfic materialism) | Consciousness is an illusion to enhance survival and eschalogical beliefs are there to help us susrvive True afterlife is in this world- memes: Providing your actions cont to be copied, you are immortal |
| Blackmore | Once believed in NDEs and afterlife, however chamnged mind after researching them. They are nothing more than dreamsso cannot verify life after death (although some people have NDEs and wake up knowing things they couldn't unless NDE happened) |
| Define Fidiests | Faithists- Verification denies belief (even Aquinas' 5 ways) |
| Define Critical rationalists | rational evidence in agreement with science- eg cosmological agrument or believing God triggered BB |
| Hoyle | Steady State theory Universe has always existed in the form it is in now, more or less. new matter is recycled form dying matter |
| Lovelock | Gaia hypthesis World exists in harmony, different aspects are analogous to things, Life eg is senses so world could exist without. |
| Aquinas on Miracles | Those things that are properly called miracles which are done by divine agency beyond the order commonly observed in nature. |
| Hume on miracles | A miracle is a transgression of a law of nature, by a particular volition of the Deity |
| Hugh Montefiore on NDEs (Quote) | Something very specific which can occur when people are near to death or think themselves to be. It is not uncommon |
| Swinburne on NDEs (qutoe) | "The principle of Credulity might suggest that we ought to take such apparent memories seriously, especially in the view on considerable coincidences" |
| Romans 2:10-11 | but glory, honor and peace for everyone who does good: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. 11 For God does not show favoritism. |
| Peter Atkins (quote) | "Everything in the universe can be explained in terms of physical science" "God is the last resort of feeble minds masquerading as truth." |
| Jimmy Carter (Quote) | If we can confirm, say, the Big Bang theory, that doesn’t at all cause me to question my faith that God created the Big Bang.” |
| Paley (quote) | When we come to inspect the watch, we perceive (what we could not discover in the stone) that it's several parts are framed and put together for a purpose... the inference we think is inevitable, that watch must have had a maker |
| Define Ockham's Razor | Link to Swinburne's cumulative evidence argument the principle that the simplest explanation is the most likely |
| Swinburne (quote) | I assume that we are justified in believing that... stones will fall and desks hold together tomorrow as well as today |
| Define abductive arguement | Reasoning that seeks to produce a hypothesis from an observation using the simplest and most likely explanation - the best explanation |
| Paley on why our world is bad (quote) | The existence of a designer and maker of the watch would not be negated if the watch went wrong |
| Psalms 19:7 | The law of the Lord is perfect, refreshing the soul |
| Dawkins on design (quote) | Intelligent design is not the proper alternative to chance. Natural selection is not only a ... plausible and elegant solution: it is the only workable alternative |
| Dawkins on probability | Any entity capable of intelligently designing something as improbable as a dutchman's pipe (or a universe) would have to be even more improbable |
| unknown and possibly invented quote by MWi | the natural world shows such order and beauty; living things are so perfectly adapted to theor environments, that it simply can't just be chance |
| Aquinas on unmoved mover | It is certain, and evident to our senses, that in the world some things are in motion. Now whatever is in motion is put in motion by another. |
| Hume on first cause | It seems absurd to inquire for a general cause or first author. How can anything that exists from eternity have a cause? |
| Copleston on RE (quote) | By RE I don't simply mean feeling good. I lab a loving... awareness of some object... transcending the self |
| Exodus 3:23-4:17 description | Moses' burning bush. An example of God manifesting via an uncommon public object in direct revelation with humans |
| RE in Sikhism | Guru Nanak had RE whilst bathing in a river in India- disappeared for 3 days then returned with the knowledge=neither Hindu nor Muslim God was uniting RE=severe life change- quit job and spent the rest of his life preaching what would become Sikhism |
| Acts 9:3-9 | St Paul's conversion story God talked to him asking 'why are you persecuting me?' and he was blinded. A Disciple, Ananias, healed him and he went on to apparently write 1/2 the NT |
| RE in Islam? | Visions experienced by the Prophet Muhammad PBUH. |
| Define Numinous | Having a strong spiritual quality, suggestive of divine presence. |
| Otto RE quote on Numinousness | "There is no religion in which the numinous does not live at its innermost core." |
| Schleiermacher's definition of RE | An experience that offers a sense of the ultimate and an awareness of the whole. |
| Define Propositional revelation | Where God communicates his divine message to a human being |
| Father Yves Dubois | Twice I have experienced the certainty of the presence of the Mother of God, which was an awareness of purity, holiness and love unlike anything I had ever known. Her holiness would have been frightening but for the strong feeling of love and compassion |
| REs in Judaism? | eg Burning bush - natural and super natural phenomena direct personal revelation |
| St Teresa of Avila (1515-82) on RE | "I saw Christ at my side, or, to put it better I was conscious of Him, for neither with the eyes of the body or of the soul did I see anything" |
| Copleston's definition of RE? (Quote) | "By religious experience I don't simply mean feeling good. I mean a loving but unclear, awareness of some object which irresistibly seems to the experiencer as something transcending the self..." |
| Buber on REs? | God reveals Themself with humans in relationships. In deep, positive and serious relationships (I-thou) ,e can experience God, the "eternal thou" |
| Define Non-propositional revelation | where, through RE, a person comes to a moment of 'realisation' about divine truth Believer's recognition of God acting in RE |
| What are common themes in RE | Direct - contact with God Indirect - inner experience of God's omnipotence acting on the world eg via mediation |
| Definition of RE according to the dictionary of theology? | REs "have doctrinal or ethical consequences" and involve a human response. |
| James on Mystical RE | Mystical experiences were a primary experience of humanity. his studies found empirical evidence of the effect of religious belief. concluded that mystical RE are same across all faiths. - all ppts had the same 'Ultimate reality' religious=perspective |
| William James' definition of RE | They give people an overwhelming feeling of joy, reverence and desire to belong to God. |
| Otto quote on Mystical experiences | "Either a strange fantasy or a glimpse into the eternal relationship of things" He believes all REs have a numinous quality across all faiths. |
| Paul Tillich's definition of RE | A feeling of 'Ultimate Concerns that demands a decisive decision |
| Define religious experience in a general sense | An encounter with the divine which brings an awareness of something other than the self. it may reinforce a belief in God and is part of religious life |
| Why is Paul's RE a classic? | -both visual and auditory -he was convinced he was in God's presence -Witnesses heard God -Saul was left with temp blindness -Saul converted (decisive action) |
| Acts 10:10-16 | St Paul is hungry and sees a cloth full of non-kosher meat descend from Heaven. God said that he could eat it as if God made it then it was pure. |
| Swinburne on Principles of Testimony and Credulity | How things seem to be is good grounds for a belief about how they are. |
| Swinburne (quote) | How things seem to be is good grounds for a belief about how they are. |
| Dawkins quote on REs | If we are gullible, we don't recognise hallucinations or lucid dreaming for what it is and we claim to have heard or seen a ghost or an angel or God |
| Mackie (quote) | It can be shown that religious beliefs don't lack rational support, but that they are positively irrational |
| Define Manicheaism (Manichean) | Belief that God is omnipotent, but he dark of evil and sin disrupts the pleasure and light of his good creation |
| Augustine on his theodicy (quote) | God Almighty would in no way permit evil in His world were He not so omnipotent and good that even out of evil He could work good. God is cocky so knows that evil is okay because he can twist it to be a good thing |
| Isaiah 14:12 | How you have fallen from heaven, morning star, son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! From prophecy on the destruction of Babylon |
| Augustine on sins (quote) | [this lust] is the daughter of sin, as it were; and whenever it yields assent to the commission of shameful deeds, it becomes the mother of many sins |
| Hick on his theodicy (quote) | 'virtues through hardship' |
| Tillich (quote) | the main function of the symbol is to open up the soul to otherwise hidden levels of reality that cannot be grasped in any other way |
| Ayer (Quote) | No sentence which purports to describe the nature of a transcendent God can possess any literal significance |
| Anthony Flew (quote of the Skeptic) | Just how does what you call an invisible, intangible, eternally elusive gardener differ from an imaginary gardener or even no gardener at all? |
| Flew on meaningless of statements (quote) | A fine brash hypothesis may thus be killed by inches, the death by a 1000 qualifications |
| Wittgenstein, why words and understanding are vital | The limits of my language are the limits of my world |
| Wittgenstein, advisory quote | Don't, for Heaven's sake be afraid of talking nonsense! But you must pay attention to your nonsense. |
| Marx | Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature... it is the opium of the people. |
| Freud (not the father one) | Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desire |
| Freud (quote) | At bottom God is nothing more than an exalted father |
| Anslem (quote) | Even the fool is convinced that something exists in understanding, at least, than which nothing greater can be conceived |
| Kant ont arg | By whatever predicates we may conceive of a thing, we do not make the least addition to the thing when we further declare what the thing is |
| 1 Corinthians 15:40 | There are also heavenly bodies and there are earthly bodies; but the splendor of the heavenly bodies is one kind, and the splendor of the earthly bodies is another. |
| Plato (quote) | Death is not the worst that can happen to men |
| Swinburne on mind/body | Hard Materialism seems to me obviously false. There really are events which humans experience and which in consequence they can know about better than anyone else who studies their behaviour or inspects their brain |
| Dawkins (quote) | Life is just bytes and bytes of digital information |
| Aquinas on miracles (quote) | Those things that are properly called miracles which are done by divine agency beyond the order commonly observed in nature |
| Hume on miracles (Quote) | a miracle is a transgression of a law of nature... by the interposition of some invisible agent |
| Polkinghorne (Quote) | I believe that God acts in the world, but he is not a show-off conjurer who violates the same laws that he has made |
| Dawkins (qUOTE) | The universe that we observe has precisely the properties we should expect if there is, at bottom, no design, no purpose, no evil, no good, nothing but pitiless indifference |
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