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Parasite/pathogen

Ecological immunity

QuestionAnswer
Prevalance Number of infected individuals in a population
Abundance Total parasites of a species within the entire population, including zeros
Intensity Average number of parasites per infected host
Richness Number of parasite species in a population
Parasites across a population - frequently over dispersed or clumped - meaning some individuals are heavily infected while others remain uninfected - the causes for this variation across a population is the principal interest of ecological immunology
Mackinnen et al. 2005 - variation in the incidence of malaria among children in Kenya. - genetics and household explained much of the variation - children living in the 10% of infected houses had twice as many malaria infections as those in the 10% least infected houses
Variations due to external factors Infection is affected by pre-infection defenses – like avoidance Includes: - Sex - Social status - Food availability - Nutritional status - Environmental conditions
Variations due to immunity response Temperature Condition (e.g. stress) Social position Sex Age Geographic region
Cost of immunity Evolution and maintenance: physiological/genetic factors Deployment: physiological/genetic/self-reactivity
Evolutionary trade offs and costs -if traits were cost free in terms of Darwinian fitness then organisms that had a complete and faultless set of life histories would be able to evolve - But fitness comes with cost
Costs of maintaining an immune defence - immune function always on stand by controlled by up/down regulation - comes with a cost - believed that immune function is somehow reduced due to less resources - seasonal variation in immune activity
Two main hypotheses Increased corticosteroids due to low temps and reduced food can overtime decrease immune function (passive)
Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 1 suggests that winter immune enhancement is the result of active upregulation of immune activity to counteract winter suppression
Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 2 – immune activity is traded off during specific life phases – e.g. reproduction, both reproduction and immunity carry heavy costs so can only invest in one at a time
Tolerance co-variance of infection intensity vs life fitness (linear or sigmoidal)
Created by: reub8n
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