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Biology FInal Exam
Final Exam Semester 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the phases of Mitosis? | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| What are the phases of Meiosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2, Cytokinesis 2 |
| What is protein synthesis? | Replication, transcription, translation/ DNA to DNA, DNA to RNA, RNA to protein |
| What does inert mean? | Neutral |
| What is DNA? | DNA holds genetic information for the development, function, and growth for organisms |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 chromosomes |
| What happens in Interphase? How many chromosomes are there now? | The chromosomes become two identical chromatids and duplicate / 46 chromosomes to 92 chromosomes |
| What happens in Prophase? | In the nucleus, the membrane dissolves, the chromatids condense and in the cytoplasm, spindle forms |
| What happens in Metaphase? | The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell |
| What happens in Anaphase? | Each chromosome becomes two separate chromatids |
| What happens in Cytokinesis? How many chromosomes are there now? | The cell breaks into two / 92 chromosomes to 46 chromosomes |
| What happens in Telophase? | A new nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. |
| What is Mitosis? | The process of which a single cell grows/replicates into two daughter/identical cells |
| If the predator is killed, the prey population will... | Increase |
| If the prey is killed, the predator population will... | Decrease |
| If the prey's population increases, the predators population will.. | Increase |
| A species population will increase if... | It reproduces more and its life span increases |
| If species A and B eat the same prey and species B goes extinct, | Species A's population increases |
| In a food web, an arrow... | Points toward the predator |
| What part of the cell cycle does DNA go through replication? | Interphase |
| Cytokinesis begins during | Telophase |
| Chromosomes line along the equator (middle) of the cell during | Metaphase |
| The nuclear membrane dissolves during... | Prophase |
| Mitosis and Meiosis begin with... | 46 chromosomes |
| Mitosis ends with... | 2 cells, 46 chromosomes each |
| Meiosis ends with... | 4 cells, 23 chromosomes each |
| What must an organism be able to do to be considered healthy? | Avoid as many predators as possible, reproduce, and develop physically |
| A mutation that does not harm an organism or help it survive is a | Inert mutation |
| A mutation that prevents an organism from living longer or reproducing is a | Negative mutation |
| A mutation that allows an organism to live longer or reproduce successfully is a | Positive mutation |
| From memory put the following words in order for the cellular respiration chemical reaction: Carbon dioxide, energy, glucose, oxygen, and water. | Glucose + Oxygen ------> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy |
| Which is first: Translation, Replication, Transcription, | Replication, Transcription, Translation |
| DNA ----> _____, DNA -----> _____, _____ ----->Amino Acids | DNA ----> DNA, DNA -----> RNA, RNA-----> Amino Acids |
| Give examples of pedigree... | Female vs Male, Dominant vs Recessive, Heterozygous vs Homozygous |
| How are traits used to trace common ancestry? | More in common, closer “related.” Less in common, further “related.” |
| What is Analogous Structure? | Different structure, Same Use |
| What is Homologous Structures? | Same structure, Different Use |
| When do traits become more prevalent or less prevalent? | More: ↑ survivability, ↑ mating Less: ↓ survivability, ↓ mating |
| How to determine carrying capacity on graph? | Look at where the chart hits plateau |
| Name the THREE vital assets of Photosynthesis: | Autotrophs Make sugar from energy, CO2, H2O Waste Product: O2 |
| Name the THREE vital assets of Cellular Respiration: | Autotrophs, heterotrophs Release energy from sugar Waste Products: CO2, H2O |
| Name the THREE vital assets of Combustion: | Fire Release energy from sugar Waste Products: CO2, H2O, other |
| The change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of organisms | Biological evolution |
| The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring to pass on traits | Natural selection |
| The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process. | Reproduction |
| The variation in the DNA sequence in an individual’s genome. | Variation of traits |
| A change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment | Adaptation |
| The relationship between two things, when one thing makes something else happen. | Cause and effect |
| A characteristic that is caused by genetics | Trait |
| An advantageous characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce. | Favorable Trait |
| Change or disturbance of the environment t most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes. | Environmental change |
| Periods of time with little to no precipitation. | Drought |
| Large areas of land covered by water from rivers and streams due to large amounts of precipitation in a short period of time. | Flood |
| The termination of a group of organisms or species. | Extinction |
| A number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding. | Population |
| An environmental factor that is not living (e.g. water, floods, drought) | Abiotic |
| An environmental factor that is alive (e.g. amount of food, predators, prey) | Biotic |
| The ratio (or percentage) of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population. | Gene frequency |
| Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity. | Qualitative |
| Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality. | Quantitative |
| Order in which amino acids are linked to form proteins, determined by an individual’s DNA sequence. | Amino acid sequence |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the molecule that carries genetic information for an individual. | DNA |
| Anatomical structures that share the same structure but perform different functions. | Homologous structure |
| Anatomical structures that perform the same function but with different structures. | Analogous structure |
| Similarities in anatomical structures of different species signify that the two species have a relatively recent common ancestor. | Anatomical similarities |
| One species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time | Common ancestry |
| The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet. | Atmosphere |
| Shifts in chemical composition in the different layers of the atmosphere. | Atmospheric changes |
| The regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms. | Biosphere |
| The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. | Photosynthesis |
| The result of an action or process | Product (Output) |
| A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. | Reactant (Input) |
| A chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. Plants convert carbon dioxide to oxygen during a process called photosynthesis, using both the carbon and the oxygen to construct carbohydrates. | Carbon dioxide |
| A simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates. | Glucose |
| Produced or consumed biomolecules used by organisms to create ATP (energy) during cellular respiration. | Energy |
| Large, organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. product (output) | Macromolecule (biomolecule) |
| A type of macromolecule that is made of smaller amino acids. | Protein |
| Are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. | Amino acid |
| A molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. | Carbohydrate |
| Any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers. | Lipid |
| Energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. It captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. | Photosynthesis |
| A set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. | Cellular respiration |
| Organelle in which cellular respiration takes place | Mitochondria |
| A model used to illustrate the feeding relationships in an ecosystem. | Food chain |
| The total mass of organisms in a given trophic level or ecosystem. | Biomass |
| Produced or consumed biomolecules used by organisms to create ATP (energy) during cellular respiration. | Energy |
| Energy that is transferred from the sun, to producers, to consumers in an ecosystem. | Energy flow |
| One tier of a food chain or food web. | Trophic level |
| The energy that an organism takes in is transferred to the next trophic level. | 10% Rule |
| Plants or any chlorophyll containing organism. | Producer |
| Animals | Consumer |
| Any organism that can produce its own food through chemosynthesis or photosynthesis. | Autotroph |
| Any organism that must consume other organisms for energy. | Heterotroph |
| The regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms. | Biosphere |
| all the waters on the earth’s surface, such as lakes and seas, and Sometimes including water over the earth’s surface, such as clouds. | Hydrosphere |
| The matter that makes up the surface of the Earth. | Geosphere |
| The process by which bacteria and fungi break dead organisms into simple compounds. | Decomposition |
| Occurs when any organic material is reacted (burned) in the presence of oxygen to give off the products of carbon dioxide and water and energy. | Combustion |
| The biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds. | Carbon cycle |
| Describe environmental pressure and describe how it would favor either the presence or absence of a particular trait. | The selective pressure definition is an evolutionary force that causes a particular phenotype to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions. Selective pressures are considered forces that drive evolution via natural selection. |
| Explain how and why mutations can eventually cause a new species to form. Give a specific example. | DNA spontaneously breaks down or is not copied accurately. External influences can cause mutations. (E.g. Rat poison lesson) |
| Using evidence from our discussions this semester, explain how genetic variation and survival of a species are related. | Maintaining high genetic diversity allows species to adapt to future environmental changes and avoid inbreeding. |
| Explain the cycle that traces how energy and matter are transferred through the atmosphere and biosphere by including cellular respiration, decomposition, and photosynthesis. | Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil, continuing the cycle. |
| Explain the phenomenon of zombie fires and how/why they upset the carbon cycle. | First, as the organic-rich Arctic soils dry up because of changing climate conditions, they can burn slowly and release vast amounts of smoke into the atmosphere. |
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