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psych final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which type of cancer is most common in men in middle adulthood? | prostate |
| which type of cancer is most common in women in middle adulthood? | breast |
| What is the most important characteristic that contributes to helping adult learners & returning students be successful? | sources of support |
| middle-aged adults display continued growth in practical problem-solving. This is largely due to an increase in | expertise |
| in middle adulthood, the resistance to inference from irrelevant information becomes difficult. What term is this describing? | inhibition |
| the speed of processing tends to slow in middle adulthood. neurons in the brain die, creating breaks in the neural network. What is this? | neural network view |
| women outperform men on __ and perceptual speed, whereas men excel at __ | verbal tasks, spatial skills |
| The concept found to be most responsible for the difference found in standardized testing of verbal ability scores of intelligence is ___, mainly because each generation tends to experience better health and education than the last. | cohort effects |
| Hardiness is described by a set of three specific qualities , which are | control, commitment, challenge |
| What stress coping mechanism BEST offers physical/psychological advantages to sedentary middle-aged people? | exercise |
| ERT (estrogen replacement therapy) | only estrogen, meaning they had a hysterectomy because uterine cancer is common. but they dont have a uterus. so they only need estrogen |
| HRT (hormone replacement therapy) | did not have a hysterectomy, therefore at risk for uterine cancer. Need estrogen and progesterone, so that the progesterone can get rid of cancer |
| What are the skin layers? | epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
| presbycusis (C) | affects high pitched hearing |
| presbyopia (O) | "old eyes" -lens loses capacity to adjust to objects varying distances |
| glaucoma | -poor fluid drainage leads up to buildup of pressure within the eye |
| falls resulting in bone fractures and deaths ____ from early to middle adulthood | DOUBLE |
| the two leading causes of death in the U.S. in middle aged people are | cancer and cardiovascular disease (heart disease) |
| concerning caregiving, middle-aged adults who must care for multiple generations above & below them at the same time are known as | sandwich generation |
| the role of someone gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch is referred to as | kinkeeper |
| in retirement planning, no need to plan for ___ | diet |
| sibling contact/support ___ from early-middle adulthood; many middle-aged siblings feel ___, often in response to major life events | declines; closer |
| what is true in marriage and divorce in middle adulthood? | marital breakups often severely reduce standard of living for midlife women, contributing to the feminization of poverty |
| Neuroticism (D) (neurons make emotions) | individuals who are high on this trait are worrying, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable. Individuals who are low are calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy |
| Extroversion (D) | individuals who are high on this trait are affectionate, talkative, active, fun-loving, and passionate. Individuals who are low are reserved, quiet, passive, sober, and emotionally unreactive. |
| Openness to experience (D) | Individuals who are high on this trait are imaginative, creative, original, curious, and liberal. Individuals who are low are down-to-earth, uncreative, conventional, uncurious, and conservative. |
| Agreeableness (U) | Individuals who are high on this trait are soft-hearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient, and good-natured. Individuals who are low are ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, critical, and irritable. |
| Conscientiousness (U) (science is on time) | Individuals who are high on this trait are conscientious, hard-working, well-organized, punctual, ambitious, and persevering. Individuals who are low are negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and nonpersistent |
| environmental mastery | when middle aged people see themselves as capable of managing a complex array of tasks easily and effectively |
| concerning self-concept and personality, the idea of future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming is called | possible selves |
| Vaillant's Adaptation to Life describes that | middle-aged adults tend to become guardians of their culture, seeking to pass the torch to later generations |
| According to Levinson's Seasons of Life, middle-aged adults confront four developmental tasks, which are | young-old, destruction-creation, masculinity-femininity, engagement-separateness. |
| deadliest form of cancer | lung cancer |
| older adults who experience ___ have developed many ways to minimize losses and maximize gains | optimal aging |
| factors in deciding to retire | affordability, health status, work environment, societal factors |
| abandonment of aging adults w/ severe disabilities by family has ___ in recent decades | increased |
| risk factors for elderly maltreatment | dependency of victim/perp, psychological disturbance of perp, history of violence NOT affluence of victim (how rich they are) |
| most older adults who remain unmarried/childless throughout life... | make meaningful alternative relationships |
| divorce in late live brings ___ than for younger people | GREATER stress |
| influential model of changes in our social networks as we move through life | social convoy |
| living arrangement with a range of housing alternatives (independent or congregate housing/nursing care) ensures needs are met as senior ages | life-care communities |
| long-term care option w/ variety of support services (meals in dining room & watchful oversight of residents) | congregate housing |
| most older people prefer ___ remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over their every day life | aging-in-place |
| _____, rather than sheer amount of help is associated with a positive outlook and promotes physical health & psychological well being | perceived social support |
| a good match between abilities of elder & demands of elders living environment, which promotes physical health & psychological well being is | person environment fit |
| in late adulthood, resilience is fostered by gains in ____ (Big 5 personality traits) | agreeableness |
| reminiscence | telling stories about people/ events from past & report associated thoughts/feelings |
| As contemporaries die, facing the reality of death, constructively through efforts to make life more secure, meaningful and gratifying for younger generations. | Ego transcendence |
| Surmounting physical limitation by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional, and social powers | Body transcendence |
| For those who invested heavily in their careers, finding other ways to affirm self-worth through family, friendships, and community life. | Ego differentiation |
| older adults improve in affect optimization, also known as the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion? | Labouvie-Vief's Emotional Expertise |
| defined as a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed forward and outward, beyond the self | Joan Erikson's Gerotranscendence |
| attaining ego integrity through three distinct tasks: ego differentiation, body transcendence, and ego transcendence | Peck's Tasks of Ego Integrity |
| describes adults who arrive at a sense of integrity, feel whole, complete and satisfied with their achievements and life experiences | Erickson's Theory: Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
| Prospective Memory | remembering to engage in planned actions in the future |
| Hypothetical problem-solving _____in late adulthood. | declines |
| Associative memory deficit | difficulty creating or retrieving links between pieces of information |
| Cerebrovascular Dementia | a serious of strokes leaves areas of dead brain cells, producing step-by-step, degeneration of mental ability with each step occurring abruptly after a stroke. |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | the most common form of dementia in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior. |
| dementia | a set of disorders occurring almost entirely in old age, in which many aspects of thought and behavior are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted. |
| The death rate from ___reaches an all-time high from age 65 on | unintentional injuries |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | An autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissue, resulting in overall stiffness, inflammation and aching and deformed joints, often leading to serious loss of molbility. |
| Osteoarthritis | the most common type, which involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints. |
| weakened functioning of diverse organs and body systems yielding symptoms that profoundly interfere with everyday competence, and leave older people highly vulnerable is known as? | Frailty |
| sexuality in late adulthood | continued, regular, and enjoyable |
| ___ tend to be more prone to fatal diseases, ___tend to be more prone to disabling conditions | men, women |
| As life expectancy extends, we want the average period of diminished vigor before death – especially, the number of months or years of ill-health and suffering - to decrease. | Compression of morbidity |
| The immune system is more likely to malfunction by turning against normal body tissues in a(n) | autoimmune response |
| Cataracts | cloudy areas in the lens, resulting in foggy vision and (without surgery) eventual blindness. |
| In late adulthood neural loss occurs throughout the cerebral cortex, how does the brain compensate? | forms new synapses |
| species-specific biological limit to the length of life known as | maximum lifespan |
| considered to be the actual competence and performance of an individual, not chronological age | functional age |
| bereavement interventions | Give yourself permission to feel the loss Accept social support Be realistic about the course of grieving Remember the deceased When ready, invest in new activities and relationships, and master new tasks of daily living |
| Multiple losses deplete the coping resources of even well-adjusted people, leaving them emotionally overwhelmed and unable to resolve their grief. This term, when a person experiences several deaths at once or in close succession, is known as? | bereavement overload |
| In a prolonged expected death, acknowledging that a loss is inevitable and preparing emotionally for it is known as? | anticipatory grief |
| Grief Process- Avoidance | Avoidance – experience shock, followed by disbelief, numb feeling “emotional anesthesia” |
| Confrontation – | confront reality, painfully aware of the loss, grief is most intense. Experience a cascade of emotional reactions. preoccupied with thoughts of the deceased, may experience loss of sleep and appetite. Self-destructive behaviors may occur. |
| Restoration – | deal with stressors, overcome loneliness by reaching out to others, master skills that the deceased had performed, reorganizing daily life without the loved one; and revising one’s identity |
| Dual-process model of coping with loss | according to this perspective, effective coping requires people to switch between dealing with the emotional consequences of loss and attending to life changes, which – when handled successfully – have restorative, or healing effects. |
| Mourning is | the culturally specified expression of the bereaved person’s thoughts and feelings |
| Grief is | the intense physical and psychological stress. |
| Bereavement is | the experience of losing a loved one by death. |
| doctor enabled the patient to swallow a lethal dose of drugs, causing their death. This is an example of | medical aid-in-dying |
| situation in which doctors or others act directly, and at a patient’s request, to end suffering before a natural end to life is called? | voluntary euthanasia |
| when an individual authorizes or appoints another person, usually a family member, to make health-care decisions on one’s behalf | durable power of attorney |
| written statement of desired medical treatment should someone become incurably ill is referred to as | advance medical directive |
| The hospice approach | is a comprehensive program of support services designed to meet the dying person’s physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs by provided palliative (or comfort) care, rather than prolonging life. |
| sudden deaths typically occur at | hospitals |
| how many americans die at home? | 1/4 |
| Appropriate death | makes sense in terms of the individual’s pattern of living and values and, at the same time, preserves or restores significant relationships and is as free of suffering as possible. |
| Older adults’ greater ability to regulate negative emotion and their sense of symbolic immortality reduce what? | death anxiety |
| Which of the following is particularly peculiar about adolescence understanding of death? | Their high-risk activities suggest they do not take death personally. |
| the idea that all living functions, including thought, feeling, movement and bodily processes cease at death is known as | nonfunctionality |
| The concept that all living things eventually die is referred to as | Universality |
| Childhood Development of the Death Concept | Finality– once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life Universality Nonfunctionality Applicability – death applies only to living things Causation – death is caused by a breakdown of bodily functioning. |
| cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity, but the brain stem remains active is called | persistent vegetative state |
| irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and the brain stem is referred to as | brain death |
| mortality | (not part of child death concept) people pass into permanent death |
| clinical death | The short interval in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing and brain functioning stop, but resuscitation is possible. |
| agonal phase | Refers to gasps and muscle spasms during the first moments in which the regular heartbeat disintegrates. |
| field of study that is devoted to death and dying? | thanatlogy |
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brooklyng
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