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Comp Sci 1033
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the term Multimedia | using a combination of moving and still pictures, sound, music and words, especially in computers or entertainment |
| List 4 reasons why the internet is a useful tool for sharing ideas | 1. To inform 2. To educate 3. To sell and run business 4. To entertain |
| Explain how a monitor uses pixels to display an image or a font | A rectangular area (the screen) broken down into very small pieces or dots where each piece/dot can take on a particular color |
| 1969 | ARPANET(eventually the internet) is established by the U.S. Department of Defence |
| 1991 | Tim Berners Lee finished developing the World Wide Web(http) and html and URL. World Wide Web makes its debut |
| Difference Between the World Wide Web and the Internet | Internet is hardware(wires, routers, satellites, computers that connect everything together) World Wide Web is software that runs on computer |
| CRAP | Contrast Repetition Alignment Proximity |
| Font Type | Characters that have a common design are grouped into families |
| Font Style | Variations in the appearance that allows the writer to emphasis parts of the text |
| Font Case | Uppercase and lowercase |
| Kerning | Adjusting the distance between pairs of letters |
| Tracking | Adjusting the distance between ALL the letters |
| Leading | Amount of vertical space between lines of text |
| Mono Font | All letters r same width |
| Proportional Font | All letters are different width |
| Point | Points are a print unit |
| Pixels, Ems, % | It is relative to the default font size for the browser and to the screen resolution |
| Identify a colour given a hexidecimal value | Hex Digits are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Colours must start with # Then you need 2 hex digits for Red, 2 hex digits for Green and 2 hex digits for Blue |
| Recognize that groups of 0s and 1s can be put in different patterns to represent/encode data | Called the ASCII code |
| Given an amount of bits, tell how many different items you can represent with those bits | With 8 bits, (or 1 byte), we can encode 2^8 = 256 different characters |
| Identify the number of bits in a byte | 8 bits in 1 byte |
| Explain how an analog item is converted to a digital representation using sampling and quantizing. | Step 1: Sampling: how often do I take a sample (measurement) to represent parts of the “thing” (how many parts will I break the thing up into) Step 2: Quantizing: how many discrete values will I use to represent the parts the “thing” |
| List the 3 ways to create a digitalized image to store on a computer | 1. By scanning existing images (a drawing or an old photograph or a painting) 2. By taking a picture with our digital camera 3. By creating something original using MS Paint or Photoshop or some graphics program |
| DPI | Samples on scanners/printers are measured as dots per inch |
| PPI | Samples on a monitor are measured as pixels per inch |
| Given a dpi and an image size in inches, determine how many pixels will be created when an image is scanned into a computer | If we scan an 8 inch by 10 inch image at 100dpi, the image will be (8*100) * (10*100) = 800*1000 = 800,000 samples (almost 1 million samples). |
| Given a dpi and an image size in pixels, determine how big the image will be when printed | If we scan that same 8 inch by 10 inch picture in and we set the resolution to 300dpi, after scanning, we will get (8 * 300) * (10 * 300) = 7,200,000 pixels (about 7 million pixels) |
| Megapixel | how many millions of pixels you can capture in a photograph on your digital camera (how many “samples” it will break the image into) |
| Given an image in terms of pixels, roughly determine the number of megapixels that was used to represent it | Kodak DCS 460/660 captures 3072 by 2048 pixels for one photograph > about 6 million pixels or about 6 megapixels |
| Give the minimum DPI that you must use in order to print an image where the pixelization is not apparent to the viewer | When printing an image, the image must be printed at a size that has a minimum of 300 pixels per inch. |
| Explain how an image made of pixels is mapped onto a monitor | The monitor/screen is made up of rows of screen pixels. Each screen pixel gets a colour. Thus we map the image pixels on to the screen pixels IN A ONE TO ONE MAPPING and see our image. |
| Screen Resolution | the number of pixels across by the number of pixels down that a screen is currently displaying |
| Give a rough approximation of the amount of space that an image will take on a monitor given the image's resolution and given the monitor's resolution | Image that is 400 pixels by 300 pixels will take up ¼ of the screen on a monitor with resolution 800 by 600 Same image will take up about 1/16 on a screen that is set at 1600 by 1200 |
| Explain why resampling an image to make it larger lessens the quality of the image but still increase the filesize in bytes of the image. | The file size for an image is determined by the number of pixels More pixels = greater file size Less pixels = smaller file size DPI/PPI does not make a difference in the file size |
| Quantizing the image | 1 bit allows for 2 colours, usually black and white (2^1=2) How many colours can 2 bit hold? 2^2=4 4 bit colour = 2^4 =16 Shades |
| Represent a colour in both <RGB> and in hexidecimal | RGB: amount of Red, amount of Green, amount of Blue> DECIMAL NUMBER Hexadecimal: #RRGGBB, RR are the digit place holders for the amount of red, GG amount of Green, BB amount of Blue |
| Give the numbers of colours you can represent in True Colour | Can represent 22^4 colours, about 16 million different colours |
| Determine what types of images would use indexed colour | An index that maps to a group of colours we plan to use |
| Give the size of the palette for indexed colour | Our index might be 8-bits, 2^8 different colours (just like with gray shades) thus we can show 256 different colours. |
| Vector Graphics | Vector image is made up of individual, scalable objects. Objects are defined by mathematical equations Objects consist of lines, curves and shapes No distortion as image is enlarged |
| Bitmapped Images | Image consists of pixels in a grid When bitmapped images are enlarged (resampled), the computer adds new pixels and guesses on the colour to colour the new pixels (called interpolation) based on surrounding pixel |
| Common bitmap file formats are: | BMP (has little compression, makes big files!) GIF JPEG, JPG PNG PICT (Macintosh) PCX TIFF AFPHOTO (Affinity Photo) PSD (Adobe Photoshop) |
| Popular vector drawing programs/software packages are: | Adobe Illustrator Affinity Designer CorelDRAW Xara Xtreme Serif DrawPlus |
| How big is an image? | Length (px) * width (px) * Colour bit depth(bytes) |
| Convert between bytes and kilobytes and megabytes | 1 KB = 1024 B 1 MB = 1024 KB 1 GB = 1024 MB 1 TB = 1024 GB |
| Lossless Compression | Compress the original bits and bytes into less bits and bytes without losing any of the original information about the picture When we reopen the file, all the original information about the picture is still there! NO INFORMATION IS LOST |
| Lossy Compression | When compression occurs, some of the original information is lost Selected portions of the image are discarded but the selected portions are the ones that will be the ones that least missed or noticed CANNOT GET THIS INFO BACK ONCE IT IS DISCARDED |
| Compress a file | Divide image size by 1024 |
| state what the acronym SFTP stands for | Secure File Transfer Protocol |
| given changes in brightness and changes in colour, determine which one can be sacrificed in order to keep the quality of an image | The designers of the JPEG compression algorithm realized that the human eye is more sensitive to brightness details than to fine color details. |
| identify at least 4 characteristics of a gif image | Transparency Animation Dithering Interlacing Compression |
| explain the purpose of dithering | You can reduce the number of colors in a GIF and choose options to control the way colors dither in the application or in a browser. |
| given an image, determine if it should be stored as a gif, jpg or png | GIF - Logos, Cartoons, Drawings JPG - Photographs PNG - Logos, Cartoons, Drawings - Photograph, Images with a need for transparency |
| give the bit depth for a .jpg image | 8-bit depth |
| identify which file formats allow for one colour transparency and which file formats allow for varying transparency | GIF: one colour only JPG: None PNG-8: One colour only PNG-24/PNG-32: Varying levels of opacity and transparency |
| Copyright | your rights to control your works of creative expression If you created it, you OWN the copyright by default. |
| Computer Network | a group of interconnected computers (could be connected with wires, wirelessly, satellites) |
| Internet | a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide |
| give the year the Internet was created | 1983 |
| Packet | a small group of bytes consisting of a header (tells where it is going: destination and where it came from: source) and the body. (Often 64 bytes for header and 512 bytes for body) |
| give 4 functions of TCP | Breaks webpage into packets of bytes Figures out IP address of where it wants to send the packets (destination) Figures out IP address of where the packet is coming from (source) Sends off each packet to first machine (IP Address) on the route |
| Packet Switching | Packet stops at first machine, likely a router, then the router sends it to the next machine on the journey (IP Address) and so on until it gets to the final IP Address (destination) |
| Circuit Switching | a type of network configuration in which a physical path is obtained and dedicated to a single connection between two endpoints in the network for the duration of a dedicated connection |
| URL | A URL (established by Tim Berners Lee in 1990) points at a web page on the internet. |
| Top level domain | Rules exist for what you can pick, only certain combinations of letters have been established as allowable top level domains |
| The subdomain | Used to organize your web server (just like folders and directories organize your computer) |
| the www | Not a part of the domain name, usually it is just the machine/host name that is the webserver |
| Top Level Domain Names | Original ones were: .com, .org, .net, .int, .edu, .gov, .mil Then country ones appeared (all 2 letters) .ca, .ae, .uk, .de Then geographical ones: .asia, .berlin, .vegas |
| understand the purpose of the DNS | A DNS (Domain Name System) maps the domain name to the correct IP address. |
| Web server | the computer that runs software which holds the webpages and serves up (delivers) webpage to the client. This computer must be connected to the Internet. The software delivering the webpages is also called a web server |
| Web browser | software/program that displays formatted webpages to the client |
| Tim Berners Lee | Created the first web browser Created URL layout Came up with the World Wide Web and the concept of hyperlinks among pages Created HTML tags (they have changed a bit over time but he came up with the initial ones) |
| Percentage tables | % of the browser, not the entire screen |
| Pixel tables | Resolution affects the way a page is displayed |
| describe how a search index is built by spiders | Web Spiders crawl the internet constantly, going from web page to web page via links, looking at all the words on the page, building an index (database): Words are called keywords |
| give the percentage of the search market that Google has | 91.37% |
| describe how Yahoo searches (directory searches) worked before Google | 1994 Yahoo began as a collection of good webpages that included man-made descriptions with each URL. Had a searchable man-made directory. Commercial sites could pay to be included. |
| given a group of web pages that link to each other, determine which page will get the highest ranking and the lowest ranking based on Google's page rank algorithm | Algorithm gives each webpage returned from the keyword search a weight between 0 and 1. The higher the weight given to the page, the more likely it is that this page will be displayed first to you. |
| identify 2 factors for the links in your web page that will make your page show up higher on the search engine rankings | 1. Text component 2. Link component |
| frame | Each drawing in an animation is called a frame |
| give the required number of Frames Per Second for a computer animation | Required Frames Per Second FPS: Movies on film = 24 fps TV = 30 fps |
| Cel Animation | An animator must HAND draw every single frame! To simplify, one background is drawn and then the item that will move is drawn on a clear sheet of plastic (a cel), one drawing for each frame. When moving to the next scene, just change the background |
| Path Based Animation | Pick: - a starting point for an object, (start frame) - an ending point for an object (end frame) - a path for the object to follow And then the computer generated all the frames in between , |
| Frame Rate | indicates the playback speed of the animation in frames per second |
| identify and define the 3 stages in 3-D animation | 3-Dimension animation involves 3 steps: Modelling Rendering Animating |
| Tweening | Creating the intermediate frames based on the starting keyframe and ending keyframe |
| Keyframe | a drawing or shot that defines the starting and ending points of a smooth transition |
| Onion Skinning | a technique used in creating animated cartoons and editing movies to see several frames at once |
| list 2 characteristics of animated GIFs | No Plug-ins Required No Sound |
| give 2 reasons that contributed to Flash's success | Interactive content rich with video, graphics, games, animation Import multimedia elements from other applications |
| rotoscoping | pencil-sketch animation/live-action combination |
| cinemagraphs | - Introduced in 2011 - Usually stored as animated .gif - To create one you will need BOTH a still picture and a video |
| give the normal frame rate per second for TV and movies on film | - Movies on film = 24-30 fps - TV was originally 29.97 fps (59.94 fields per second) |
| give the minimum acceptable frame rate per second for video on a computer | AT LEAST12-15 fps |
| give the 3 letters that indicate the colour coding system used in video | YUV |
| describe the relationship between pixel density, viewing distance and display size | Retina Displays – have a pixel density high enough so that your eyes cant detect pixels at a normal viewing distance. You need to consider: Pixel density Viewing distance Display size |
| calculate the bit rate for a video | Average bit rate = file size/length in seconds of video |
| Spatial Compression | Compress each frame individually Uses the same techniques as JPG compression Codecs that do spatial compression are: Animation, PlanarRGB |
| Temporal Compression | Just save info on selected frames All other frames just save the differences from the previous keyframe Good when the difference between current frame and keyframe is small Codecs using temporal compression are: Sorenson Video, H.264 |
| codec | a piece of code that compresses video or audio as it is created (exported from the editing software) and then when displaying it to the user decompresses the video or audio (also stands for coder/decoder) |
| Container format | A file format that stores both the data (the frames) AND how to play the data (which codec to use) |
| Downloading Videos | When you visit a website containing video, the entire video must be downloaded to your computer before you can play it. |
| Streaming videos | In true streaming the file is never permanently saved to the user’s hard drive, media begins to play as soon as it gets enough packets to stay ahead of the viewer |
| Adaptive Streaming | When you upload a 4K video, it makes several versions of it (1440 version, 1080 version, etc): When you upload your 4K video, give youtube a few hours to make the different versions THEN TEST THE QUALITY. |
| Volume | the higher the wave the louder the sound |
| Pitch or frequency | the closer together the waves the higher the pitch |
| The Nyquist Limit | This rule says you MUST take at least 2 samples for every cycle of the wave. If you take less than two sample, you will get a completely different sound wave |
| Hertz | Number of samples per second is represented in Hertz (Hz) Number of 1000 samples per second is represented in KiloHertz (KHz) For CD quality we need 44,100 samples per second or 44,100Hz or 44.1KHz |
| Sample Rate | number of samples we take per second of audio or number of times per second the waveform is measured |
| Sound Compression Strategies 4 Basic Strategies | Reduce the number of samples (sample rate) Reduce the bit depth (sample size) Reduce the channels Compress using the appropriate codec |
| MIDI Sound | MIDI deals with music and synthesized sound, it does not handle voices or noise well. There is no sampling or quantizing when storing MIDI files. MIDI files hold information about music or sound |
| list 3 of the things required to create a piece of MIDI music | Which instrument is supposed to be represented The note being played How hard the note was pressed |
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jadynfisch
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