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Genes
Part B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the structures within cells that contain genetic material? | Chromosomes are the structures within cells that contain genetic material, consisting of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| What is the material chromosomes are made of when they are not condensed? | Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins (such as histones) that makes up chromosomes when they are not condensed during cell division. |
| What are the three main components of a DNA nucleotide? | phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). |
| What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA? | The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). |
| What is the term for a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid? | A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or serves as a start or stop signal for protein synthesis. |
| What are the rungs of a chromosome called? | A nucleotide that contains 2 of the 4 nitrogen bases |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They form a chain to carry out specific tasks set out from the DNA |
| what controls a certain trait of an individual (ex. height, hair type, body type) | A gene is a segment on a DNA strand |
| What is a genetic disorder caused by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine properly? | Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder caused by the body's inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine properly, leading to a buildup of toxic levels of phenylalanine in the body. |
| What genetic disorder is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21? | Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It leads to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and distinctive physical features. |
| What is a disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of brain cells, leading to motor dysfunction and cognitive decline? | Huntington disease |
| What term describes an organism that has had genes from another species inserted into itself using genetic engineering techniques? | A transgenic organism |
| What is genetic engineering? | The process of combining genes from one organism to another |
| What are mutations? | Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in the protein produced, potentially affecting how a cell functions. |
| How can mutations occur? | Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication, or they can be caused by exposure to environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals. |
| What are mutagens? | Mutagens are agents that can increase the frequency of mutations in DNA. They include chemicals, radiation, and certain biological agents. |
| How do mutagens affect DNA? | Mutagens can induce changes in the DNA sequence by causing errors during replication or by damaging the DNA directly. |
| What is cloning? | Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism or a specific gene or DNA sequence. |
| What are the different types of cloning? | There are three main types of cloning: gene cloning (copying a specific gene), reproductive cloning (creating a new organism), and therapeutic cloning (generating embryonic stem cells for medical purposes). |
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