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Chp 2 Study Guide

Biology Prentice Hall Miller Levine

QuestionAnswer
What are atoms composed of? Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
How are the subatomic components arranged? Protons-positively charge, neutrons-no charge, electrons-negatively charge.
Why are ions important? They able the transfer of electrons for ionic bonding.
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds? Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms and they are organic strongest, and Ionic bonds form when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating ions which bond based on their charge.
What is the difference between inorganic and organic molecules? Inorganic does not have carbon-hydrogen bonds; e.g. minerals, metals, salts. Organic contains carbon-hydrogen bonds, found in living things.
What is an isotope? Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
What are hydrogen bonds? The attraction between the hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another water molecule. They are the strongest of the bonds that can form between molecules.
Why hydrogen bonds are important? Because the ability of water to form multiple hydrogen bonds is responsible for many of water's properties.
What are the three important properties of water? Hydrogen bonds, adhesion and cohesion. Adhesion is the property that lets water bond to other things like a tree. Cohesion is the property that lets water bond to itself.
What is the relationship between solutions, solutes, and solvents? Solvents, dissolve things; Solutes, what they dissolve, and Solutions the combination of both.
What is pH scale? Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution.
What makes something acidic or basic? How do their pH values differ? Acidic solutions have pH values less than seven, whereas basic ones have pH readings greater than seven. Solutions with pH values below 2 are very acidic, and those with pH values above 12 are very basic.
What is a buffer? Are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. Slightly acidic or basic and can counteract the addition of some acid or bases blood.
What are the four classes of organic molecules? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Proteins.
Where is each class of molecule found? Carbohydrates: Glucose and Glycogen. Proteins: Enzymes, Surcease and Lactose, Keratin and Collagen. Lipids: Fats and Oils. Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA and ATP.
What is the function of the organic compound Carbohydrate? Carbohydrates are metabolized for energy, and contribute to membrane molecules. Plants and some animals use them for structural purposes.
What is the function of the organic compound Lipids? Are used as a long term energy storage substance, used to synthesize cell membranes and to synthesize hormones.
What is the function of the organic compound Nucleic Acids? Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.
What is the function of the organic compound Proteins? Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes, some are used to form bones and muscles, others transport substances into or out of cells to help fight diseases.
Identified three major roles of proteins. 1-Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. 2-Used to form bones and muscles. 3-Transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
Describe the parts of a nucleotide. They consist of three parts: a 5-Carbon sugar, a Phosphate group, and a Nitrogenous base.
What is the monomer and polymer for each type of organic molecule? Lipids-(monomer)Glycerol, (polymer) Fatty acids. Proteins-(monomer)Amino acids, (polymer)Polypeptide. Carbohydrate- (monomer)monosaccharides,(Polymer) Polysaccharides. Nucleic Acids-(monomer)nucleotides
Nucleic Acids-(monomer)nucleotides are made of three parts. 1. A five carbon sugar 2. A base that has a nitrogen (N) atom 3. An ion of phosphoric acid
Why are isotopes important? All atoms are isotopes. An isotope is simply an atom with a specified number of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive,and are primarily used for medical purposes; and the use of radioactive carbon to perform carbon dating, to find out how old something
How many bonds can carbon form? Why is this special? 4 bonds with other atoms in the form of single, double and triple bonds according to the structure of the chemical compound and the type of reaction it is involved in.It is special because no other element even comes close to matching carbon's versatility
What is the strongest type of bond? The strongest chemical bond is the ionic bond. Ionic bond strengths are greater than covalent bond strengths.
What is the weakest type of bond? Van De Waals or dispersion force is the weakest bond.
What type of bonds do organic molecules mostly contain? Organic molecules all contain covalent bonds. It is possible, though not common, to have an ionic bond as well as covalent bonds in a molecule.
Why are organic molecules so diverse? Because all organic compounds have both hydrogen and carbon. Carbon can make up to four covalent bonds with its four valence electrons; this lets carbon bond in thousands of ways with thousands of other elements, making organic compounds very diverse
Why is water polar? Water is a polar molecule formed by atoms which have different electronegativities, the atom with the highest level of electronegativity, bonds with the less electronegative atoms.
Why is water polar? and Why does this matter? Water is the single most abundant compound in most living things.
What is a catalyst? A substance, usually used in small amounts relative to the reactants, that modifies and increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process.
What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions? What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?
What are enzymes? Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as biochemical catalysts.
What affects enzyme activity? Temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentration, enzyme inhibitors, co-factors
Created by: mamina6
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