Elementary Statistics 2004
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Data | Observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected
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| Statistics | A collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data
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| Population | The complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied
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| Population | it includes all subjects to be studied
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| Census | The collection of data from every member of the population
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| Sample | A subcollection of members selected from a population
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| Sample data | must be collected in an appropriate way, such as through a process of random selection
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| If sample data are not collected in a appropriate way, | the data may be so completely useless that no amount of statistical torturing can salvage them
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| TYPES OF DATA??? | Parameter,Statistic ,
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| Parameter | A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.
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| Parameter | all of those votes to be the population considered, When Lincoln was first elected, he received 39.82% of the 1,865,908 votes cast which is 29.825.
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| Statistic | A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample
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| Based on a sample | of 877 surveyed executives, it was found that 45% of them would not hire someone with a typographical error on their job application
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| Quantitative data | Data consists of numbers representing counts or measurement
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| Quantitative data | weights of supermodels
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| Interval level of measurement | Temperature, Years
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| Interval level of measurement | Data that can be arranged in order and for which differences between data values are meaningful
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| Interval level | shoe sizes [US vs Europe] and temperature
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| Interval data | can be either discreet or continuous
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| Ratio level of measurement | Data that can be arranged in order, for which differences between data values are meaningful, and there is an inherent zero starting point.
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| Ratio level of measurement | differences and ratios are meaningful
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| Ratio level of measurement | prices of textbooks; $50 is half of $100
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| Ratio level of measurement | Height of students
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| Ratio data | is continuous.
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| Ratio level of measurement | HIGHEST LEVEL OF DATA
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| Ratio level of measurement | can be either discreet or continuous.
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| Quantitative (interval and ratio) data | can be further distinguished between discrete and continuous.
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| Discrete Data | Data that results when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” numbers.
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| Discrete Data | Counting-type things
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| Discrete Data | number of eggs that hens lay
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| Continuous (numerical) Data | thickness of paper; measurement of weight
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| Continuous (numerical) Data | Results from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps.
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| Continuous (numerical) Data | amounts of milk from cows
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| Qualitative (or categorical or attribute) data | Can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumerical characteristics.
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| Continuous (numerical) Data | The genders (male/female) of professional athletes
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| Nominal Level of Measurement | Characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only
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| Nominal Level of Measurement | Lowest form of data. Has groups, but no ordering to the groups
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| Nominal Level of Measurement | cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high)
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| Nominal Level of Measurement | Survey responses of yes, no, and undecided
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| Nominal Level of Measurement | Colors of cars driven by college students (red, black, blue, etc.
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| Ordinal Level of Measurement | (Categories & groups, but with some natural order to the groups.)
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| Ordinal Level of Measurement | Course grades – Grades of A, B, C, D, or F
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| Ordinal Level of Measurement | Ranking cities; those ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etcBut, the differences between ranks are meaningless
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| Money and Counting are | Discrete
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| Temperature is | Interval
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| Ages are | usually Discrete
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| Man on the street samples are | always convenience sampling
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| Misuses of Statistics | self-selected surveyBad samplesSmall samplesMisleading graphsPictographsLoaded Questions
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| Misuses of Statistics | Order of Questions
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| Misuses of Statistics | Precise NumbersPartial picturesDeliberate Distortions
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| Randomness | typically plays a critical role in determining which data to collect.
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| Observational Study | Observing and measuring specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects being studied. (Control group)
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| Cross Sectional Study | Data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time.
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| Retrospective (or Case Control) Study | Data are collected from the past by going back in time.
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| Prospective (or Longitudinal or Cohort) Study | Data are collected in the future from groups (called cohorts) sharing common factors.
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| Experimental | Apply some treatment and then observe its effects on the subjects. (Experimental group.) Doing something to affect what happens.
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| Experimental Key Elements | Control, Replication, Randomization
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| control | Effects of variables through: blinding, blocks, completely randomized, experimental design, rigorously controlled experimental design
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| Confounding | Occurs in an experiment when the experimenter is not able to distinguish between the effects of different factors.
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| Blinding | Subject doesn't know if he or she is receiving a treatment or placebo
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| Double-blind | Neither the subject nor the experimenter knows whether treatment or placebo is being administered
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| Blocks | Groups of subjects with similar characteristics
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| Completely Randomized Experimental Design | Subjects are put into blocks through a process of random selection
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| Rigorously Controlled Design | Subjects are very carefully chosen so that those in each block are similar in the ways that are important to the experiment.
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| Random Sample | Selection so that each has an equal chance of being selected
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| Simple Random Sample | of size n
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| Systematic Sampling | Select some starting point and then select every Kth element in the population
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| systematic sampling | 7th person of a group of 10; i.e., 7, 17, 27, 37, etc., OR every 7th person i.e., 7, 14, 21, 28, etc
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| Convenience Sampling | Use results that are easy to get, choosing the first 10 people who get off work
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| Stratified Sampling | Subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups that share the same characteristics, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum
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| Cluster Sampling | Divide the population into sections (or clusters); randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from selected clusters
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| Sampling Error | The difference between a sample result and the true population result; such an error results from chance sample fluctuations
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| Nonsampling Error | Sample data that are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed (such as by selecting a biased sample, using a defective instrument, or copying the data incorrectly
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