AICP Exam Prep- Plan Making and Implementation Section
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| Strategic Planning | Used to assist an organization in guiding its future. Sets goals, objectives and policies for reaching the set objectives.
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| Visioning | Process whereby citizens attend series of meetings that provide the opportunity for them to offer input on how the community could be in the future. Citizens develop vision statement. 20-30 year time horizon.
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| Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Surveys | Cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time as opposed to a longitudinal survey which is conducted over a period of time.
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| Written Surveys | Can be mailed, administered in a group setting or made available to public via print media. Very popular and low cost; however, only about 20% of mail surveys are responded to. Also requires the participant to read and write.
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| Group-administered Surveys | Appropriate when trying to target a specific population. Has a quick and high response rate. Requires a small sample size.
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| Drop-off Survey | Survey is dropped off at someone's home or business. Response rates are higher than with mail surveys because of the personal contact. Can be time-consuming. Sample group is generally small.
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| Phone Surveys | Useful for yes/no answers. Response rate varies greatly. Can be expensive and take a long time. Can be biased due to interaction with the interviewer.
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| Electronic Surveys | Can be administered online or via email. It is inexpensive and generates quick responses. Higher response rate than written or interview surveys. Downside is you won't reach people without internet access or people who can't read and write.
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| Slope | 0-0.5% = no drainage, not suited for dev
0.5-1% = ideal for all types of dev
1-3%= slight prob for commercial, ok for resid
3-5% = major problems for commer./indus./large scale residential
5-10% = suitable for specially designed development
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| Floor Area Ratio (FAR) | Divide total building square footage by site square footage
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| Descriptive Statistics | Describe the characteristics of a population
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| Inferential Statistics | Determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample
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| Mean | Average of a distribution. The mean of [2,3,4,5] is 3.5
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| Median | Middle number of a ranked distribution. The median of [2,3,4,6,7] is 4
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| Mode | Most frequent number in a distribution. The modes of [1,2,3,3,5,6,7,7] are 3 and 7.
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| Nominal data | Classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race, SSN, sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data.
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| Ordinal Data | Has values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude. Has no fixed interval between values. Educational attainment or letter grade are examples.
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| Normal Distribution | One that is symmetrical around the mean. This is a bell curve.
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| Range | Simplest measure of dispersion.
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| Variance | Average of squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution. Is a descriptor of probability distribution (how far the numbers lie from the mean).
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| Linear Method (Population) | Uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate current or future population.
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| Symptomatic Method (Population) | Uses available data to estimate current population. For example, 100 new single-family building permits, with an average household size for the community of 2.5, would mean 250 new residents
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| Step-Down Ratio Method (Population) | Method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or larger unit) at a known point in time to project current or future population.
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| Cohort Survival Method (Population) | Uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. It is calculated for men and women in specific age groups. Specific time intervals, such as 5 and 10 years, are used
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| Economic Base Analysis | Looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported and non-basic are locally oriented. Exporting industries make up economic base of that region
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| Location Quotient | Ratio of an industry's share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other level of govt). Less than one = importing economy and Greater than one = exporting economy
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| Shift-Share Analysis | Uses employment info by sector for two points in time. Analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger one. Looks at differential shift, proportional shift and economic growth.
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| Input-Output Analysis | A quantitative method that links supplies and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Requires very large quantity of data. Can be used to determine employment effect that a project has on an economy.
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| 2010 Decennial Census of Population and Housing | Discontinued long form- households only received the short form with 10 questions.
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| 2000 Decennial Census | Approx 17% received the long form and 83% got the short form. Short form was shortest ever with only 7 questions. First time to select more than one race that respondent identifies as.
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| Rate of Response to US Census | 1990 and 2000- 65% responded by mail. In 2010, 74% responded by mail.
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| Urbanized Area (Census Term) | Urban nucleus of 50,000 or more with population density of 1,000 persons per sq. mile and may have adjoining territory with at least 500 persons per sq. mile. In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas
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| Urban Cluster (Census Term) | Have at least 2,500 persons but less than 50,000 and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. In 2000, 11% of US population lived in 3158 urban clusters.
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| Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) | Includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitant, or an urbanized area (with at least 50,000 inhabitants) and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000
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| Megalopolis | A many-centered, multi-city urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization. From 1961 book "Megalopolis" by Jean Gottman
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| Census Tract | Smallest are where all information is released- typically has population of 2000-8000
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| Census Block | Smallest level at which the Census data is collected- typically 400 housing units per block
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| Tribal Designated Statistical Area | Unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area
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| Top 10 Fastest Growing Metro Areas btwn 2000-2010 | 1. Palm Coast, FL
2. St. George, UT
3. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV
4. Raleigh-Cary, NC
5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL
6. Provo-Orem, UT
7. Greeley, CO
8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX
9. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, SC
10. Bend, OR
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| Did average household size increase or decrease between 1970 and 2010? | Went down from 3.1 in 1970 to 2.59 in 2010
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| American Community Survey (ACS) | Replaces US Census long form. Survey reaches 2.5% of nation's population each year (approx 3 million households) and rotates annually. One big difference from long form is that it asks for income
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| Generation Y/Echo Boom | Children of the baby boomers. Exact years vary depending on source but generally those born in 1980s and 1990s
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| Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) | Show digital data about the elevation of the Earth's surface- can be used for storm water management, flood control, land use decisions and other purposes.
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| Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) | Uses a laser mounted in an airplane to provide detailed topographic information. Can provide dense pattern of data points to create one foot contours for DEMs for use in watershed mapping and hydrologic modeling for flood control
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| Fiscal Impact Analysis (aka Cost-Revenue Analysis) | Used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government. Can also be used to examine the cumulative impact of land use decisions.
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| Council on Environmental Quality | Created by National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.
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| Environmental Assessment | Required to determine whether there is a significant environmental impact
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| Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) | Required for federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. Scoping takes place in early stages and often is the first contact between project proponents and the public.
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| 4 Sections of an EIS | Purpose and need statement; description of affected environment; range of alternatives (heart of the EIS); analysis of environmental impacts of each alternative
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| 5 Topics EIS Must Address | Probable impact of proposed action; adverse env effects that can't be avoided; alternatives to proposed action; relationship btwn local short-term uses of the environment and maintenance and long-term productivity of land; irreversible resources involved
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| Capital Budget | Includes long-term purchases such as a new building, water main, rec center, etc. Is a one-year budget while a Capital Improvements Program (CIP) is a 5-10 year look at capital needs of a community
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| Line-Item Budgeting | Emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year while adding inflationary costs. Has a short-term focus, only looks one year into the future.
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| Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS) | Focused on planning through accomplishing goals set by a dept. Helps depts place their programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments. Limited success due to its heavy info requirements and program format incompatible with cntrl mission
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| Components of PPBS | Budget organized by program areas; long-range planning of goals, programs and req'd resources; policy analysis, cost-benefit analysis, program evaluation.
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| Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) | Emphasizes planning and fosters understanding within all units of an organization. Advantage is that it requires a dept to consider every aspect of its operation and why it does things in a certain way. Time consuming to justify every activity
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| ZBB Components | Efficiency/effectiveness of programs to be re-evaluated on a reg basis; Agencies prepare “decision packages” for each program; Decision packages ranked by exec- facilitates budget cuts by Council.
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| Performance-based Budget | Focused on linking funding to performance measures. Advantage is that it helps depts develop and evaluate performance standards. Disadvantage is it's time-consuming and goals/objectives have to be in measurable terms
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| Components of Performance-based Budgets | Use of traditional function/object budget; Performance information on workload, productivity, outputs, and outcomes; Performance and spending may be linked through cost analysis, and program evaluation.
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| Tax Increment Financing (TIF) | Allows a designated area to have tax revenue increases used for capital improvements in that area
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| Special Assessments | Allows a particular group of people to assess the cost of a public improvement
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| 3 Types of Taxes | Progressive – The tax rate increases as income rises.
Proportional – The tax rate is the same regardless of income
Regressive – The tax rate decreases as income rises
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| Criteria to Consider for Implementing Taxes | Fairness, Certainty, Convenience, Efficiency, Productivity, Neutrality
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | Estimates total monetary values of the benefits and costs to a community due to a project. Originated by French engineer Jules Dupuit in 1848.
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| Goals Achievement Matrix | A chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project's goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group. Comprehensive way to evaluate a project.
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| Gantt Chart | Developed in 1917 by Charles Gantt. This chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion
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| Linear Programming | Project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solutions for a project.
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| Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) | Scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. Good choice when precise time estimates are not available. Involves specific activities and milestones and their sequencing and critical path
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| Critical Path Method (CPM) | The analysis results in a “critical path” through the project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway
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