AICP Exam Prep HCC - Plan Making and Implementation 2
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| Exaction | costs levied on developers as a condition for receiving permission to develop in a community - reflect costs development is projected to impose on community - must further a legitimate public interest
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| Impact Fee | directly related to impact of new development - used to fund capital facilities - collected from developers when building permit issued
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| Environmental Analysis - NEPA | whenever US government takes a "major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment", an Environment Impact Statement is required
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| What are the 4 Sections of an Environmental Impact Statement? | 1)Purpose and Need of Proposed Action statement, 2)Description of Affected Environment, 3)Range of Alternatives to proposed action, 4)Analysis of environmental impacts of each alternative
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| Clean Water Act | controls all sources of water pollution in US - anyone seeking to discharge water pollutants into a body of water must apply for a permit to do so
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| National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) | permitting system for all point sources of water pollution
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| Ambient Regulations | those relating to quality of water in receiving bodies of water
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| Effluent Regulations | those imposing treatment requirements on all pollutants
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| Clear Air Act | federal government sets ambient standards - states must promulgate emission regulations that will allow those standards to be met or exceeded
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| PSD Standards | in addition to ambient and effluent standards - prevent significant deterioration of very high quality airsheds
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| What is a Growth Management Technique? | ensures orderly development and preserves quality of life
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| How do Growth Management Techniques ensure orderly development and preserve quality of life? | preserving open space and agricultural land, assessing visual and environmental impacts, promoting livable communities, controlling pace of growth
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| Concurrency | can deny approval of new developments unless adequate public facilities have been provided - i.e. roads, water, sewer
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| Regional Urban Growth Boundary | limit future sprawl around the periphery of the region
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| Local Urban Growth Boundary | individual locality draws a boundary within its own borders and constrains future development to within that boundary
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| Rate of Growth Programs | policies that limit the pace of community geographic expansion
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| What is a budget? | allocating and spending tax dollars to provide services to the public which the citizenry would otherwise have to provide for itself
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| Aaron Wildansky quote on budgets | "A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached."
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| Budget Preparation Steps | 1)estimate of available resources, 2)revenue forecasting, 3)estimating spending needs, 4)revenue sources
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| Estimate of Available Resources | 1)how much cash available at start of fiscal year, 2)how much additional revenue raised during fiscal year, 3)how much cash available at end of fiscal year
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| Revenue Forecasting | looking at what happened in past and eyeballing historical data into projections for the future
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| Estimating Spending Needs | focus on individual units and their budget requirements
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| Revenue Sources | general revenue sources and non-general revenue sources
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| General Revenue Sources | tax and non-tax revenue
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| Non-General Revenue Sources | utilities, liquor/lottery sales
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| Taxes - 3 Primary Functions | 1)generating revenues to finance government goods and services, 2)redistribute income, 3)reducing income and spending when overall demand is excessive
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| Progressive Tax | ratio of tax payments to income increases as income rises
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| Proportional (Flat) Tax | ratio of tax payments to income is constant
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| Regressive Tax | ratio of tax payments to income declines as income rises
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| Current Revenue (Pay As You Go) | financing improvements from current revenue
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| Reserve Funds | funds accumulated in advance
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| Bonding | financing larger projects through the marketing and issuance of promises to pay - interest is paid through the life of the instrument
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| General Obligation Bonds | sold to finance permanent types of improvements such as schools, municipal buildings, and parks - backed by full faith and credit of local govt - based on local govt's ability to cover debt in future
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| Revenue Bonds | sold for projects, such as water and sewer, that produce revenues - not included in state imposed debt limits - not backed by full faith and credit - financed in long run by service charges and fees
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| Lease Purchase | public works project constructed by private company then leased by municipality
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| Authorities and Special Districts | provide a single service such as schools, water, sewer - formed to avoid restrictive local government debt limits
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| Special Assessments | paid by those who directly benefit
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| Tax Increment Financing (TIF) | provide front end funds in an area where large scale redevelopment is feasible
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| TIF Process | district around development is designated with a tax base similar to surrounding area - tax rates established based on how property might be developed - area developed - higher tax rates from new development retire debt
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| Capital Budget | finances larger projects - non-recurring investments in facilities or infrastructure
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| Capital Improvement Program | guide to provision of capital improvements by balancing revenues, expenditures, and the sequencing of acquisition actions
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| Capital Improvement | public facility which constitutes a major expenditure and a long life involving non-recurring expenditures
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| Operating Budget | funds day to day operations - provision of services on a continual basis
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| Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS) | organize spending by program rather than functional objects - program oriented with long range horizons that demand cost justification of alternatives against established need - emphasis on planning not budgeting
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| Management By Objective (MBO) | goal and objective setting process between the administrator and subordinates - provides participants in public organization means to participate in decision making
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| Zero Base Budget (ZBB) | each manager required to justify entire budget request in detail from scratch and shifts burden of proof to each manager to justify why any money should be spent
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| Policy Analysis and Decision Making | requires examining and measuring significant benefits and costs - answers questions about purpose or intent of policy - evaluate impacts to quality of life factors
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| Subdivision Plans | minor, consolidation, retracement - major, preliminary - design plan review - construction inspection - final plat approval & recording
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| Program Evaluation | plan an evaluation strategy - before implementation, define problem & outcomes, document current conditions, identify objectives, identify alternatives and impacts, set benchmarks, define timeline
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| Basic Components of Communication Techniques | message, audience, action, delivery mechanicm
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| Communication Delivery Mechanism Formats | written reports, brochures, flyers, press releases, PowerPoint presentations, presentation boards, oral presentation, memoranda
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| Public/Private Intergovernmental Relationships | improvements that benefit the development as well as the community
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| Public/Non-Profit Intergovernmental Relationships | typically for housing, parks, or environmental purposes - land trusts
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| Public/Public Intergovernmental Relationships | state govt may provide guidance, training, or technical assistance to local govt - federal govt may provide grants or contracts
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| Intergovernmental Relationship Benefits | leveraging funds and resources available
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| Intergovernmental Relationship Obstacles | differing work cultures
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| Stakeholder Relationships | identifying stakeholders, continued involvement and updates
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