Study cards for AICP exam, and Planning in general
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| Super-blocks - 3 benefits. | 1. Lower road-building costs 2. Increase green space 3. create quieter residential lots with less traffic
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| Super-blocks - describe. | Longer or larger blocks of commercial or residential development with limited vehicle access. Accessed instead by walkways, culs-de-sac.
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| Raymond Unwin |
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| Government town-building projects - | 1.Norris, TN (TVA) 2.Greenbelt towns 3.Roosevelt, NJ
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| Stein and Wright put ---------- as one of the imperative needs of a planned environment. | ...beauty...
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| Early garden suburb (1908-11) intended for working-class / lower-income, became suburb for middle to upper-middle income residents by 1950 (Lewis Mumford in Toward New Towns For America, intro) | Forest Hills, Long Island
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| Founded 1925, Lewis Mumford, Clarence Stein, henry Wright, et al | Regional Planning Assoc. of America
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| First attempt at Garden City in America. Designed and built within rigid framework of NYC's gridiron. | Sunnyside Gardens, NY
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| Stein and Wright. "realistically planned for the motor age, but not a Garden City as (Ebenezer) Howard saw it" | Radburn, NJ
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| Stein and Wright - First attempt at implementing Garden City concepts in America - planned on existing grid. Peripheral residential buildings with interior garden and recreation space. | Sunnyside Gardens, NYC
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| Stein and Wright's "dress rehearsal" for Radburn | Sunnyside Gardens, NYC
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| Stein and Wright's first full implementation of the super-block. | Radburn, NJ
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| Stein and Wright's plan for this town evolved from Garden City, to New Town, to suburb that mitigates problems of increased motor vehicle traffic. | Radburn, NJ
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| Stein and Wright town design based on "how to live with the automobile, or rather in spite of it." | Radburn, NJ
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| Stein and Wright's town design that as a "radical revision of relation of houses, roads, paths, gardens, parks, blocks, and neighborhoods." | Radburn, Nj
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| Stein and Wright town design that included: Super-blocks, single-purpose roads (autos only), separated pedestrian circulation, | Radburn, NJ
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| Stain and Wright town design that defined different types of roads for different functions: Collection, service, parking, visiting etc. | Radburn, NJ
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| Stein and Wright town plan that included houses with "two fronts" one facing the auto street, and one facing the pedestrianway and parkway on the other side. | Radburn, NJ
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| Date - Ordinance, provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. "the largest single act of national planning in our history and ... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" | 1785
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| Date -Alexander Hamilton argues for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic. | 1791
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| Date -Henry Clay proposes a plan (American System) to allocate federal funds to promote the development of the national economy by combining tariffs with internal improvements, such as roads, canals and other waterways. | 1818
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| Date -Erie Canal completed. artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions | 1825
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| Date -The National Road terminates in Vandalia, Illinois. Begun in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland, it helps open the Ohio Valley to settlers | 1839
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| Date -First "model tenement" built in Manhattan | 1855
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| Date -Homestead Act opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence | 1862
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| Date -Morrill Act. Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts. | 1862
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| Date -New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association mounts a campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards. | 1864
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| Date -Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux begin the planning of Riverside Illinois, a planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities. | 1868
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| Date -The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads meet at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10 to complete the first transcontinental railroad. | 1869
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| Date -John Wesley Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States is published. Includes a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources | 1878
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| Date -rogress and Poverty published. Henry George's argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax (on land) that would capture the "unearned increment" of national development for public uses. | 1879
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| Date -Debut of the "Dumbbell Tenement," so called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space) | 1879
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| Date -Establishment of U.S. Geological Survey to survey and classify all Public Domain lands. | 1879
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| Date -Building of Pullman, Illinois, model industrial town by George Pullman. | 1880
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| Date -How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis, is published; a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform. | 1890
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| Date -General Land Law Revision Act gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation. | 1891
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| Date -Sierra Club founded to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment. John Muir, Scottish-American naturalist, and a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder. | 1892
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| Date -World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession. | 1893
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| Date -US v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. First significant legal case re: historic preservation. Ruled that acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. | 1896
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| Date -Forest Management Act. Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves. | 1897
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| Date -Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow. | 1898
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| Date -Gifford Pinchot becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation. | 1898
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| Date -New York State Tenement House Law. The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement." Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer. | 1901
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| Date -U.S. Reclamation Act. Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works. | 1902
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| Date -Letchworth constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America | 1903
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| Date -President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for orderly land development and management. | 1903
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| Date -Antiquities Act: 1st law of federal protection for archaeological sites. Provided for designation of National Monuments, areas in the public domain that contained hist landmarks, hist and prehist structures, objects of hist or scientific interest | 1906
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| Date -Founding of New York Committee on the Congestion of Population. Fostered movement, led by its secretary, Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize New York's dense population. | 1907
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| Date -President Roosevelt establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply. | 1907
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| Date -White House Conservation Conference. State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources. | 1908
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| Date -First National Conference on City Planning in Washington, D.C. | 1909
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| Date -Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago published (with Edward Bennett). First metropolitan plan in the United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton.) | 1909
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| Date -Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is inaugurated in Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught by James Sturgis Pray. | 1909
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| Date -Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management, fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including efficiency in city government. | 1911
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| Date -Walter D. Moody's "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" is adopted as an eigth- grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level. | 1912
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| Date -A chair in Civic Design, first of its kind in the U.S., is created in the University of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for Charles Mulford Robinson, one of the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition. | 1913
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| Date -Flavel Shurtleff writes Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning. | 1914
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| Date -Panama Canal completed and opened to world commerce. | 1914
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| Date -Harland Bartholomew, eventually the country's best known planning consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission. | 1914
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| Date -Patrick Geddes, "Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution. | 1915
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| Date -Nelson P. Lewis published Planning of the Modern City. | 1916
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| Date -Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning." | 1916
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| Date -National Park Service established with sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value. | 1916
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| Date -Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of newly founded American City Planning Institute, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners. | 1917
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| Date -U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation established. Influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for World War I workers. | 1918
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| Date -Three early unifunctional regional authorities--the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission--combined to form the Boston Metropolitan District Commission. | 1919
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| Date -New Orleans designates the Vieux Carre Commission, the first historic preservation commission in the U.S. | 1921
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| Date -Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created. First of its kind in the United States. (Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.) | 1922
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| Date -Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York under Thomas Adams. | 1922
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| Date -Ground broken at Mariemont, OH, suburban Cincinnati. Mary Emery, founder and benefactor; John Nolen, planner. (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement. | 1923
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| Date -PA Coal Co. v. Mahon. 1st SCOTUS decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. "property may be regulated, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowleded principle of "regulatory taking." | 1922
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| Date -U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act. | 1924
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| Date -Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Stein and Wright, is built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. | 1924
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| Date -Publication of "Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic, influential essays on regional planning by Lewis Mumford and other members of the Regional Planning Association of America | 1925
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| Date -Cincinnati, Ohio, becomes first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe) | 1925
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| Date -Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure and land use is published. | 1925
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| Date -In April, The American City Planning Institute and The National Conference on City Planning publish Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Planning, ancestor of present-day Journal of the American Planning Association. | 1925
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| Date -Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty. Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. | 1926
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| Date -U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard City Planning Enabling Act. | 1928
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| Date -Robert Murray Haig's monograph "Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement" is published in Volume I of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. Viewed land use as a function of accessibility. | 1928
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| Date -Construction of Radburn, New Jersey, begun. Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns. | 1928
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| Date -Clarence Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. | 1929
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| Date -Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted." | 1929
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| Date -Stock market crash in October ushers in Great Depression and fosters ideas of public planning on a national scale. | 1929
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| Date -National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago. Three hundred agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation. | 1931
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| Date -Federal Home Loan Bank System established to shore up shaky home financing institutions. | 1932
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| Date -Reconstruction Finance Corporation established at the outset of the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions. | 1932
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| Date -FDR inaugurated. New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures. | 1933
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| Date -Home Owners Loan Corporation established to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure. | 1933
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| Date -National Planning Board est. w/in DoI to assist in preparation of a comp plan for public works under Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mitchell. Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board, abolished in 1943. | 1933
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| Date -Civilian Conservation Corps established to provide work for unemployed youth and to conserve nation's natural resources. | 1933
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| Date -Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hopkins to organize relief work in urban and rural areas. | 1933
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| Date -TVA created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the TN valley, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Idea of Sen. George Norris (NE), David Lilienthal was its most effective implementer. | 1933
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| Date -The Agricultural Adjustment Act is passed to regulate agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recovery measure. | 1933
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| Date -American Society of Planning Officials founded, an organization for planners, planning commissioners and planning-related public officials. | 1934
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| Date -National Housing Act. Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages. | 1934
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| Date -Taylor Grazing Act is passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes. | 1934
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| Date -National Planning Board's "Final Report on its own 1st year. Includes section, "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical Development of Planning in the US." Latter views American planning in context of political and economic hist. | 1934
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| Date -Resettlement Administration est. under Rexford Tugwell, to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement. RA built the three Greenbelt towns, forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; Reston, Virginia; etc.) | 1935
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| Date -Publication date of Regional Factors in National Planning by the National Resources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literature. | 1935
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| Date -Soil Conservation Act. Congress moves to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility. | 1935
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| Date - Historic Sites, Bldgs and Antiquities Act, predecessor of the NHPA, passed. Requires the SOI to identify, acquire, restore qualifying historic sites and properties, calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs. | 1935
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| Date -Social Security Act passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter. | 1935
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| Date -Congress authorizes Grande Coulee Dam in Central WA. Finished in 1941, Largest concrete structure in U.S. and heart of Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable to TVA. Provided irrigation, power, and flood control in the Pacific NW. | 1935
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| Hoover Dam on the Colorado River completed. Creates and sustains population growth and industrial development in Nevada, California, and Arizona. | 1936
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| Date -Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy. A landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee. (Ladislas Segoe headed research staff. | 1937
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| Date -U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing. | 1937
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| Date -Farm Security Administration established, successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor. | 1937
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| Date -AIP states its purpose: "the planning of the unified development of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions and the nation, expressed through...comprehensive arrangement of land uses, occupancy, and regulation thereof." | 1937
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| Date -Homer Hoyt's influential "sector theory" of urban growth appears in his monograph, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. | 1939
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| Date -Local Planning Administration, by Ladislas Segoe, first of "Green Book" series, appears. | 1941
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| Date -Robert Walker's Planning Function in Urban Government published. | 1941
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| Date -Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement. The U.S. and allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). | 1944
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| Date -Serviceman's Readjustment Act ("G.I. Bill"). Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs. | 1944
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| Date -Housing and Home Financing Agency (predecessor of HUD) created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs. | 1947
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| Date -Construction of Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York, begun. | 1947
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| Date -Secretary George C. Marshall uses his Harvard College commencement address to propose the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of postwar Europe. | 1947
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| Date -Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program. | 1949
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| Date -The National Trust for Historic Preservation is created and chartered by Congress. | 1949
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| Date -In Berman v. Parker, SCOTUS upholds right of D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though not deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan. | 1954
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| Date -In Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas), Supreme Court upholds school integration. | 1954
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| Date -Housing Act. Slum prevention, urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act. Also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the act. | 1954
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| Date -Council of Government movement (COGS) begins in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee - representatives of each county in SE MI for the purpose of confronting areawide problems. Model spreads nationwide. | 1954
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| Date -Congress passes multibillion dollar Federal Aid Highway Act to create interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more. | 1956
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| Date -F. Stuart Chapin publishes Urban Land Use Planning. | 1957
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| Date -Education for Planning. A seminal, book-length inquiry by Harvey S. Perloff into the "appropriate intellectual, practical and 'philosophical' basis for the education of city and regional planners ..." | 1957
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| Date -A "Multiple Land Use Classification System" (A. Guttenberg) published in Journal of American Institute of Planners. The first approach to the definition of land-use classifications in multidimensional terms. | 1959
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| Date -Congress establishes the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), with members from various branches of government. Serves primarily as a research agency and think tank in area of intergovernmental relations. | 1959
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| Date -The American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ASCP) is born when a few department heads of planning schools get together at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the eductation of planners. | 1959
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| Date -The St. Lawrence Seaway is completed. This joint U.S.-Canada project created, in effect, a fourth North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels. | 1959
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| Date -Image of the City by Kevin Lynch defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths, edges, nodes, etc.). | 1960
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| Date -The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, includes a critique of planning and planners. | 1961
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| Date -Hawaii becomes first state to institute statewide zoning. | 1961
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| Date -A Delaware River Basin Commission representing the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania is created to foster joint management of the river's water resources. | 1961
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| Date -The urban growth simulation model emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study. | 1962
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| Date -"A Choice Theory of Planning," seminal article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, lays basis for advocacy planning concept. | 1962
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| Date -Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life. | 1962
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| Date -The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes Virginia's first residential planned community zone, clearing the way for the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self- contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, D.C. | 1962
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| Date -Columbia, Maryland, a new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle. | 1963
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| Date -T.J. Kent publishes The Urban General Plan. | 1964
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| Date -Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation. | 1964
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| Date -The Federal Bulldozer by Martin Anderson indicts Urban Renewal program as counterproductive to its aims of increasing low-,middle-income housing supply. With Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), contributes to a change in urban policy. | 1964
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| Date -In a commencement speech at U. Michigan, President LBJ declares war on poverty, urges congressional authorization of many remedial programs, plus the establishment of a cabinet-level Department of Housing and Community Development. | 1964
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| Date -A White House Conference on Natural Beauty in America is convened on May 24 and 25, owing much to the interest and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson. | 1965
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| Date -Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by the Department of HUD. Robert Weaver becomes HUD's first Secretary and nation's first African-American cabinet member. | 1965
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| Date -Congress passes the Water Resources Management Act authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions. | 1965
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| Date -Congress passes the Water Resources Management Act authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions. | 1965
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| Date -The Public Work and Economic Development Act passes Congress. This act establishes the Economic Development Administration to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their redevelopment | 1965
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| Date -The Appalachian Regional Planning Act establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources. | 1965
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| Date -John Reps publishes The Making of Urban America, the first comprehensive history of American urban planning beginning with colonial times. | 1965
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| Date -The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program. | 1966
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| Date -With Heritage So Rich, a seminal historic preservation book, is published. | 1966
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| Date -NHPA passed. Established NRHP and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of eligible sites and properties threatened by federal activities. Creates ACHP and directs that each state appoint a SHPO | 1966
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| Date -Section 4(f) of the DOT Act provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and other eligible resources in building national roads. Protects private as well as publicly owned historic props, unlike parkland and wildlife refuges. | 1966
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| Date -The planning profession reaches its 50th anniversary with a celebratory conference in Washington, D.C. Many of the earliest practitioners and founders of the profession attend together with eminent leaders of other professions. | 1967
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| Date -(Louis B.) Wetmore Amendment drops the final phrase of 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied it to the comp. arrangement and regulation of land use. Broadens scope, membership of profession by including social as well as physical planners | 1967
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| Date -To implement Intergovernmental Relations Act of 1968 the OMB issues Circular A-95 requiring state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally assisted projects to facilitate coordination among 3 levels of gvmt. | 1968
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| Date -Ian McHarg publishes Design with Nature, tying planning to the natural environment. | 1969
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| Date -NEPA requires an "environmental impact statement" for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment. | 1969
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| Date -Mel Scott publishes American City Planning Since 1890. Reissued in 1995 by the American Planning Association. | 1969
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| Date -First "Earth Day," April 22 | 1970
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| Date -Federal Environment Protection Agency established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970). | 1970
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| Date -The Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan is adopted, the first such plan in the nation to allocate low- and moderate-income housing on a "fair share" basis. | 1970
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| Date -AIP adopts a Code of Ethics for professional planners. | 1971
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| Date -Coastal Zone Management Act adopted. | 1972
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| Date -General revenue sharing inaugurated under the U.S. State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act. | 1972
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| Date -In Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth. | 1972
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| Date -Demolition of St. Louis's notorious Pruitt-Igoe Project symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed. | 1972
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| Date -Endangered Species Act. Authorized Federal assistance to state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation programs for endangers plant and animal species. | 1973
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| Date -The Housing and Community Development Act replaces the categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development. | 1974
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| Date -Cleveland Policy Plan Report shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning. | 1975
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| Date -Historic Preservation Fund established. | 1976
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| Date -First exam for AIP membership conducted. | 1977
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| Date -Penn Central Trans. Co. v. City of NY. SCOTUS upholds NYC's Landmark Pres. Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. Barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use. | 1978
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| Date -American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American Planning Association (APA). | 1978
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| Date -"Reagan Revolution" begins. Planning profession challenged to adapt to new (counter-New Deal) policies: reduced federal spending, privatization, deregulation, etc. Phase-out of some earlier aids to planning grants and programs. | 1980
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| Date -Superfund Bill passed. Creates liability for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment. Taxes polluting industries to establish a trust fund for cleanup of polluted sites where individual responsibility is not ascertainable. | 1980
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| Date -The Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) is established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession. | 1980
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| Date -ACSP issues Volume 1, Number 1 of The Journal of Education and Planning Research. | 1981
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| Date -In a case focusing on Mt. Laurel, NJ, the NJ Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing. A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation. | 1983
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| Date -Seaside, FL, early New Urbanism. Unlike earlier planned communities, NU emphasizes urban features -- compactness, walkability, mixed use - promotes architectural style reminiscent of traditional urban nbhds. Links to anti-sprawl, smart growth. | 1984
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| Date -The First National Conference on American Planning History is convened in Columbus, Ohio and leads to the founding of the Society 0f American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) the following year. | 1986
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| Date -First English Ev. Luth. Church v. County of LA, SCOTUS finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation. | 1987
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| Date -In Nollan v. CA Coastal Commission, SCOTUS finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose. | 1987
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| Date -The Planning Accreditation Board (PAB) is recognized by the Washington-based Council on Post Secondary Education to be the sole accrediting agency in the field of professional planning education. | 1989
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| Date -Passage of Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component. | 1991
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| Date -In Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, SCOTUS limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation. | 1992
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| Date -Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC) becomes law. Tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities to jumpstart economic and social recovery. | 1993
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| Date -In Dolan v. City of Tigard, SCOTUS rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality " between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer. | 1994
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| Date -North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, its purpose to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers. | 1994
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| Date -American Institute of Certified Planners inaugurates a College of Fellows to recognize distinguished individual contributions by longer term AICP members. | 1999
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| Date -Pres. Clinton creates 8 new national monuments in 5 western states: Canyons of the Ancients (CO); Cascade-Siskiyou (OR); Hanford Reach (WA); Ironwood Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (AZ); Grand Sequoia, CA Coastal (CA) | 2000
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| Riverside, IL - 4 unique characteristics | 1. Set aside space for recreation 2. Design streets to offer scenic views 3. planned a shaded parkway connecting to Chicago 4. used no grid or right angles for streets
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| Date - Planning of Riverside, IL | 1868-69
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| Who - designed plan for Riverside, IL | Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux
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| Who - designed plan for Sunnyside Gardens in NYC | Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
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| Who - Father of city planning | Daniel Burnham
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| Who - Father of Regional planning | Patrick Geddes
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| Who - Father of Zoning | Edward Bassett
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| Who - Father of Environmental planning | Ian McHarg
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| Who - Father of Advocacy Planning | Paul Davidoff
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| Who - Ladder of Citizen Participation. | Sherry Arnstein - Rungs 1.Manipulation 2.Therapy 3.Information 4.consultation 5.Placation 6.Partnership 7.Delegated power 8.Citizen Control - advise v. decide -
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| Who - "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" (later Garden Cities of Tomorrow) | Ebenezer Howard
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| Who - "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" | Jane Jacobs
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| Who - "The Image of the City" | Kevin Lynch
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| Who - "The Culture of Cities" | Lewis Mumford
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| Who - "Design with Nature" | Ian McHarg
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| Who - "Plan for New York and Its Environs" | Clarence Perry
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| Who - "How the Other Half Lives" | Jacob Riis
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| Who - Broadacre City: A New Community Plan | F.L Wright
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| 1992 plan by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. It is meant to revitalize the worst public housing projects in the United States into mixed-income developments. | Hope VI
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| Who - founded CNU. Main proponent of New Urbanist principles. | Andres Duany
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| Who - | T.J. Kent
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| HOPE IV - 4 goals of this 1992 HUD program | 1.Change physical design of public housing 2.Incentives for self-sufficiency of residents, and services that empower residents 3.Decrease concentrations of poverty 4.Forge partnerships to leverage support and resources
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| Concept - Design can change behavior. Social processes and spatial form are related. Therefore, by changing the spatial form it's possible to change the social structure as well. | Patrick Geddes (shared with John Ruskin)
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| Who - powerful critic of Urban Renewal policies in t 1950s | Jane Jacobs
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| Who - wrote "A Pattern Language" | Christopher Alexander
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| Who - provided seminal contributions to the field of city planning through empirical research on how individuals perceive and navigate the urban landscape, "The Image of the City" | Kevin Lynch
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|
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