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Study cards for AICP exam, and Planning in general

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Answer
show 1. Lower road-building costs 2. Increase green space 3. create quieter residential lots with less traffic  
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Super-blocks - describe.   show
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show  
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Government town-building projects -   show
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Stein and Wright put ---------- as one of the imperative needs of a planned environment.   show
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Early garden suburb (1908-11) intended for working-class / lower-income, became suburb for middle to upper-middle income residents by 1950 (Lewis Mumford in Toward New Towns For America, intro)   show
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show Regional Planning Assoc. of America  
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show Sunnyside Gardens, NY  
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show Radburn, NJ  
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Stein and Wright - First attempt at implementing Garden City concepts in America - planned on existing grid. Peripheral residential buildings with interior garden and recreation space.   show
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Stein and Wright's "dress rehearsal" for Radburn   show
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show Radburn, NJ  
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Stein and Wright's plan for this town evolved from Garden City, to New Town, to suburb that mitigates problems of increased motor vehicle traffic.   show
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Stein and Wright town design based on "how to live with the automobile, or rather in spite of it."   show
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Stein and Wright's town design that as a "radical revision of relation of houses, roads, paths, gardens, parks, blocks, and neighborhoods."   show
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Stein and Wright town design that included: Super-blocks, single-purpose roads (autos only), separated pedestrian circulation,   show
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Stain and Wright town design that defined different types of roads for different functions: Collection, service, parking, visiting etc.   show
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Stein and Wright town plan that included houses with "two fronts" one facing the auto street, and one facing the pedestrianway and parkway on the other side.   show
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Date - Ordinance, provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. "the largest single act of national planning in our history and ... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic"   show
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Date -Alexander Hamilton argues for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic.   show
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show 1818  
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Date -Erie Canal completed. artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions   show
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Date -The National Road terminates in Vandalia, Illinois. Begun in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland, it helps open the Ohio Valley to settlers   show
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Date -First "model tenement" built in Manhattan   show
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Date -Homestead Act opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence   show
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Date -Morrill Act. Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts.   show
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Date -New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association mounts a campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards.   show
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show 1868  
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Date -The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads meet at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10 to complete the first transcontinental railroad.   show
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Date -John Wesley Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States is published. Includes a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources   show
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Date -rogress and Poverty published. Henry George's argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax (on land) that would capture the "unearned increment" of national development for public uses.   show
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Date -Debut of the "Dumbbell Tenement," so called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space)   show
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Date -Establishment of U.S. Geological Survey to survey and classify all Public Domain lands.   show
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Date -Building of Pullman, Illinois, model industrial town by George Pullman.   show
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Date -How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis, is published; a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform.   show
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show 1891  
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Date -Sierra Club founded to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment. John Muir, Scottish-American naturalist, and a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder.   show
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Date -World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.   show
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Date -US v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. First significant legal case re: historic preservation. Ruled that acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose.   show
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Date -Forest Management Act. Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves.   show
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Date -Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow.   show
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Date -Gifford Pinchot becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation.   show
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show 1901  
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Date -U.S. Reclamation Act. Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works.   show
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show 1903  
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Date -President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for orderly land development and management.   show
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show 1906  
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show 1907  
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Date -President Roosevelt establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply.   show
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Date -White House Conservation Conference. State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources.   show
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show 1909  
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show 1909  
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show 1909  
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Date -Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management, fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including efficiency in city government.   show
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show 1912  
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Date -A chair in Civic Design, first of its kind in the U.S., is created in the University of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for Charles Mulford Robinson, one of the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition.   show
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Date -Flavel Shurtleff writes Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.   show
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Date -Panama Canal completed and opened to world commerce.   show
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Date -Harland Bartholomew, eventually the country's best known planning consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission.   show
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Date -Patrick Geddes, "Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution.   show
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Date -Nelson P. Lewis published Planning of the Modern City.   show
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show 1916  
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Date -National Park Service established with sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value.   show
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Date -Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of newly founded American City Planning Institute, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners.   show
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show 1918  
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Date -Three early unifunctional regional authorities--the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission--combined to form the Boston Metropolitan District Commission.   show
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Date -New Orleans designates the Vieux Carre Commission, the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.   show
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Date -Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created. First of its kind in the United States. (Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.)   show
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show 1922  
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show 1923  
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show 1922  
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Date -U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.   show
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Date -Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Stein and Wright, is built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York.   show
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show 1925  
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show 1925  
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Date -Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure and land use is published.   show
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show 1925  
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show 1926  
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Date -U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard City Planning Enabling Act.   show
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show 1928  
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Date -Construction of Radburn, New Jersey, begun. Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.   show
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Date -Clarence Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs.   show
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Date -Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted."   show
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show 1929  
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Date -National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago. Three hundred agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation.   show
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Date -Federal Home Loan Bank System established to shore up shaky home financing institutions.   show
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Date -Reconstruction Finance Corporation established at the outset of the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions.   show
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Date -FDR inaugurated. New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures.   show
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show 1933  
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Date -National Planning Board est. w/in DoI to assist in preparation of a comp plan for public works under Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mitchell. Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board, abolished in 1943.   show
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show 1933  
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Date -Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hopkins to organize relief work in urban and rural areas.   show
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show 1933  
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Date -The Agricultural Adjustment Act is passed to regulate agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recovery measure.   show
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show 1934  
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Date -National Housing Act. Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages.   show
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Date -Taylor Grazing Act is passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes.   show
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Date -National Planning Board's "Final Report on its own 1st year. Includes section, "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical Development of Planning in the US." Latter views American planning in context of political and economic hist.   show
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show 1935  
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Date -Publication date of Regional Factors in National Planning by the National Resources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literature.   show
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show 1935  
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show 1935  
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Date -Social Security Act passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter.   show
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show 1935  
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Hoover Dam on the Colorado River completed. Creates and sustains population growth and industrial development in Nevada, California, and Arizona.   show
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show 1937  
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Date -U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.   show
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show 1937  
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show 1937  
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show 1939  
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Date -Local Planning Administration, by Ladislas Segoe, first of "Green Book" series, appears.   show
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show 1941  
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Date -Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement. The U.S. and allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).   show
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show 1944  
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Date -Housing and Home Financing Agency (predecessor of HUD) created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs.   show
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Date -Construction of Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York, begun.   show
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Date -Secretary George C. Marshall uses his Harvard College commencement address to propose the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of postwar Europe.   show
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Date -Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program.   show
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Date -The National Trust for Historic Preservation is created and chartered by Congress.   show
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show 1954  
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Date -In Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas), Supreme Court upholds school integration.   show
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Date -Housing Act. Slum prevention, urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act. Also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the act.   show
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show 1954  
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Date -Congress passes multibillion dollar Federal Aid Highway Act to create interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more.   show
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Date -F. Stuart Chapin publishes Urban Land Use Planning.   show
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show 1957  
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Date -A "Multiple Land Use Classification System" (A. Guttenberg) published in Journal of American Institute of Planners. The first approach to the definition of land-use classifications in multidimensional terms.   show
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Date -Congress establishes the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), with members from various branches of government. Serves primarily as a research agency and think tank in area of intergovernmental relations.   show
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Date -The American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ASCP) is born when a few department heads of planning schools get together at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the eductation of planners.   show
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Date -The St. Lawrence Seaway is completed. This joint U.S.-Canada project created, in effect, a fourth North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels.   show
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Date -Image of the City by Kevin Lynch defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths, edges, nodes, etc.).   show
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show 1961  
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show 1961  
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Date -A Delaware River Basin Commission representing the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania is created to foster joint management of the river's water resources.   show
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Date -The urban growth simulation model emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study.   show
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Date -"A Choice Theory of Planning," seminal article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, lays basis for advocacy planning concept.   show
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Date -Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life.   show
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Date -The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes Virginia's first residential planned community zone, clearing the way for the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self- contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, D.C.   show
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show 1963  
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show 1964  
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Date -Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation.   show
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Date -The Federal Bulldozer by Martin Anderson indicts Urban Renewal program as counterproductive to its aims of increasing low-,middle-income housing supply. With Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), contributes to a change in urban policy.   show
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show 1964  
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Date -A White House Conference on Natural Beauty in America is convened on May 24 and 25, owing much to the interest and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson.   show
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show 1965  
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show 1965  
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show 1965  
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show 1965  
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Date -The Appalachian Regional Planning Act establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources.   show
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show 1965  
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Date -The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program.   show
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show 1966  
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Date -NHPA passed. Established NRHP and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of eligible sites and properties threatened by federal activities. Creates ACHP and directs that each state appoint a SHPO   show
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Date -Section 4(f) of the DOT Act provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and other eligible resources in building national roads. Protects private as well as publicly owned historic props, unlike parkland and wildlife refuges.   show
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show 1967  
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Date -(Louis B.) Wetmore Amendment drops the final phrase of 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied it to the comp. arrangement and regulation of land use. Broadens scope, membership of profession by including social as well as physical planners   show
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Date -To implement Intergovernmental Relations Act of 1968 the OMB issues Circular A-95 requiring state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally assisted projects to facilitate coordination among 3 levels of gvmt.   show
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Date -Ian McHarg publishes Design with Nature, tying planning to the natural environment.   show
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show 1969  
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show 1969  
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show 1970  
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show 1970  
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show 1970  
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show 1971  
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show 1972  
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Date -General revenue sharing inaugurated under the U.S. State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act.   show
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Date -In Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth.   show
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Date -Demolition of St. Louis's notorious Pruitt-Igoe Project symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed.   show
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show 1973  
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Date -The Housing and Community Development Act replaces the categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development.   show
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show 1975  
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Date -Historic Preservation Fund established.   show
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show 1977  
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show 1978  
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Date -American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American Planning Association (APA).   show
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show 1980  
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Date -Superfund Bill passed. Creates liability for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment. Taxes polluting industries to establish a trust fund for cleanup of polluted sites where individual responsibility is not ascertainable.   show
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Date -The Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) is established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession.   show
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Date -ACSP issues Volume 1, Number 1 of The Journal of Education and Planning Research.   show
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show 1983  
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show 1984  
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Date -The First National Conference on American Planning History is convened in Columbus, Ohio and leads to the founding of the Society 0f American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) the following year.   show
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show 1987  
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show 1987  
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show 1989  
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show 1991  
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Date -In Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, SCOTUS limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation.   show
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Date -Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC) becomes law. Tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities to jumpstart economic and social recovery.   show
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show 1994  
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show 1994  
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show 1999  
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Date -Pres. Clinton creates 8 new national monuments in 5 western states: Canyons of the Ancients (CO); Cascade-Siskiyou (OR); Hanford Reach (WA); Ironwood Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (AZ); Grand Sequoia, CA Coastal (CA)   show
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Riverside, IL - 4 unique characteristics   show
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Date - Planning of Riverside, IL   show
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Who - designed plan for Riverside, IL   show
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Who - designed plan for Sunnyside Gardens in NYC   show
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show Daniel Burnham  
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show Patrick Geddes  
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Who - Father of Zoning   show
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Who - Father of Environmental planning   show
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show Paul Davidoff  
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show Sherry Arnstein - Rungs 1.Manipulation 2.Therapy 3.Information 4.consultation 5.Placation 6.Partnership 7.Delegated power 8.Citizen Control - advise v. decide -  
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Who - "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" (later Garden Cities of Tomorrow)   show
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Who - "The Death and Life of Great American Cities"   show
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show Kevin Lynch  
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Who - "The Culture of Cities"   show
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show Ian McHarg  
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Who - "Plan for New York and Its Environs"   show
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show Jacob Riis  
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Who - Broadacre City: A New Community Plan   show
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1992 plan by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. It is meant to revitalize the worst public housing projects in the United States into mixed-income developments.   show
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show Andres Duany  
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Who -   show
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show 1.Change physical design of public housing 2.Incentives for self-sufficiency of residents, and services that empower residents 3.Decrease concentrations of poverty 4.Forge partnerships to leverage support and resources  
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Concept - Design can change behavior. Social processes and spatial form are related. Therefore, by changing the spatial form it's possible to change the social structure as well.   show
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Who - powerful critic of Urban Renewal policies in t 1950s   show
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Who - wrote "A Pattern Language"   show
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Who - provided seminal contributions to the field of city planning through empirical research on how individuals perceive and navigate the urban landscape, "The Image of the City"   show
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