In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: what is the state called in which arterial blood is more acidic than ? aka increased concentration of hydrogen ions.Answer: Question: what is the difference called the normal buffer base and the actual buffer base in a whole blood sample?Answer: base (BE) Question: what is ?Answer: hydrogen ion concentration in the blood; blood pH greater than 7.45 Question: how is BE ?Answer: mEq/L Question: what is the BE?Answer: +2 mEq/L Question: what is the base?Answer: the total blood capable of binding hydrogen ions Question: what is the blood buffer base (NBB) range?Answer: 48-52 mEq/L Question: what is a , nonvolitile acid called?Answer: acid Question: what does a acid represent?Answer: the by-product of catabolism Question: what kind of acids are acid and sulfuric acid?Answer: fixed Question: what is the -Hasselbalch (H-H) equation?Answer: the specific equation for calculating the pH of the bicarbonate buffer of the blood Question: what does pH = 6.1 + log HCO3-/(PaCO2 x 0.03) ?Answer: H-H Question: what is the importance of the H-H ?Answer: it equals the pH of blood plasma, and since all buffer systems in the blood are in equilibrium, the pH of one equals the pH of the entire plasma solution. Question: what is ?Answer: excess amounts of CO2 in the (PaCO2) Question: what is the presence of lower than normal of CO2 in the blood (PaCO2)?Answer: hypocapnia Question: metabolic acidosis?Answer: non-respiratory processes resulting in Question: what is when non-respiratory processes, such as losing fixed acid or gaining HCO3-, result in alkalemia?Answer: alkalosis Question: respiratory acidosis.Answer: hypoventilation, the loss of HCO3- or fixed acids resulting in acidemia Question: define alkalosis?Answer: hyperventilation, in alkalemia Question: the plasma concentration of HCO3- that exists if PCO2 is normal is known as ____Answer: bicarbonate Question: how is bicarbonate expressed?Answer: mEq/L Question: What is the PCO2 for standard bicarbonate?Answer: 40 mm Question: what is an acid that can be in its gaseous form?Answer: volatile Question: what is a physiological of a volatile acid?Answer: acid Question: how much CO2 does ventilation eliminate everyday?Answer: 24,000 mmol/L ,000 mmol/L of volatile Question: effect of small changes in the ion concentration?Answer: of vital metabolic processes Question: what generates H+?Answer: normal Question: H+ regulation is of utmost biological importance? T or Answer: Question: various physiological mechanisms regulate ____ in a range compatible with life ( aka acid-base balance).Answer: the H+ concentration of body Question: what property of H+ is the for the need to regulate its concentration?Answer: it reacts readily with the molecules of vital cellular catalytic enzeymes Question: why can H+ be ?Answer: its reactions with proteins can change their physical , rendering the enzyme inactive Question: wat is the normal, life , pH range of the body? Answer: 7.35-7.45 Question: what be the results of an ABG if patient is hypoventilating? (uncompensated)Answer: pH - less than 7.35
PaCO2 - greater than - 22-26
respiratory acidosis Question: what gas is acid (H2CO3) in equilibrium with?Answer: CO2 Question: what be the results of an ABG if the patient is hyperventilating? (uncompensated)Answer: pH - than 7.45
PaCO2 - less than 35
HCO3 - 22-26
respiratory alkalosis Question: HHb= Hb- + H+Answer: Hb /transporting H+ Question: H+ + HCO3-= Answer: carbonic acid, bicarbonate + ion Question: interpret the ABG:
pH- 7.2
PaCO2- - 15Answer: partial compensated acidosis Question: what are the 2 mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite CO2 production? Answer: isohydric and ventilation Question: interpret the ABG:
pH- 7.52
PaCO2- - 30Answer: uncompensated alkalosis Question: on a pH-CO2 diagram the hydration reaction between CO2 and H2O, if theres is an increase of CO2 from 40 to 80 what happens to the value of the HCO3?Answer: it increases from 24 to 28.5 Question: what disease can increases acid production?Answer: Question: how does the system compensate for increased fixed and volatile acid production?Answer: ventilation Question: how do the kidneys for respiratory acidosis?Answer: by reabsorbing HCO3 back into the Question: what can be done to correct respiratory acidosis and improve alveolar ?Answer: bronchial hygiene,lung expansion, non-invasive PPV, intubation, ventilation Question: what are some signs of respiratory ?Answer: paresthesia, , headache, hyperventilation Question: how do the compensate for respiratory alkalosis?Answer: by HCO3 in the urine Question: what is a solution?Answer: a mixture of acids and bases that resist changes in pH when an acid or a base gets to it Question: how are blood classified?Answer: as either (open) or non-bicarbonate (closed) buffer systems Question: what does the bicarbonate (open) buffer consist of?Answer: and a conjugate base of HCO3- Question: what does the non-bicarbonate (closed) system consist of?Answer: phosphates and , including Hb Question: what is the main function difference in between an open and buffer system?Answer: open- removes components of acid-base reactions through ventilation
closed- all components of acid-base remain in the system Question: in a buffer system, when does buffering activity stop?Answer: when Hbuf reaches equilibrium with the Question: what can be done to respiratory alkalosis?Answer: O2 therapy Question: examples of open systemsAnswer: Question: examples of closed buffer Answer: Hb, organic and inorganic phosphates, and plasma Question: what acids acids does a closed buffer buffer?Answer: volatile and Question: what acids acids does an open buffer buffer?Answer: fixed, only when ventilation is not impaired, plus any individual H+ regardless of Question: which has the greater buffering capacity, a closed or open ?Answer: open Question: open and closed systems function in isolation. T or FAnswer: false, they are intermingled in the same (whole blood) and are equal in pH (isohydric principle) Question: in which 2 ways can acidosis occur?Answer: acid accumulation in the or excessive loss of HCO3 Question: what is the anion gap range?Answer: 8-16 Question: what does the buffering of a acid produce?Answer: CO2 Question: what is the most important non-bicarbonate system? why?Answer: Hb
it is the most Question: what is the common blood fluid compartment that both open and closed buffer systems ?Answer: plasma Question: what are the acid excreting organs?Answer: and kidneys Question: which is at removing acid, lungs or kidneys?Answer: lungs Question: if one acid-excretion system fails, the other will . T or FAnswer: true; in diseased individuals Question: why is CO2 elimination ?Answer: it reacts with H2O to form large quantities of Question: what is the gap?Answer: the of 4 electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+, and HCO3-) Question: why is the H-H equation in a clinical setting?Answer: you can use it to see if the pH, PCO2, and HCO3 for an abg are compatible; prevents transcription errors amd analyzer inaccuracies; also, to predict the result of changing the value of one or more of the variable Question: what is the purpose of using the gap?Answer: to eliminate the effects of respiratory involvement; aka to see going on at the metabolic level Question: what is by an anion gap >16?Answer: metabolic Question: what are some of the causes on high gap metabolic acidosis?Answer: lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, renal failure.
aspirin, acid, ethylene glycol Question: what are some of the causes of normal anion gap metabolic ?Answer: diarrhea, fistula.
renal tubular acidosis.
ammonium chloride, hyperalimentation intravenous nutrition Question: what are some of the of metabolic acidosis?Answer: dyspnea,hyperpnea, 's breathing, lethargy, coma Question: at what pH are cardiac arrhythmias likely?Answer: 7.2 Question: what are ways to correct metabolic ?Answer: if above 7.2, nothing, dr. will need to treat underlying condition
if below 7.2, intravenous of NaHCO3 Question: how do the lungs compensate for acidosis?Answer: hyperventilation Question: what factor determines how much H+ is by the kidneys?Answer: blood Question: how much fixed acid is excreted per day by the ?Answer: <100 Question: the kidneys also regulate HCO3 . T or FAnswer: true; when large amounts of H+ are excreted, the HCO3 is reabsorbed back into the and vice vera Question: in what 2 ways can alkalosis occur?Answer: loss of fixed acids or gain of blood buffer base; either one increases HCO3 Question: what is the most complicated acid-base to treat?Answer: metabolic alkalosis; it involves fluid and electrolyte Question: what is the goal of less H+?Answer: to increase the amount of HCO3- in the , increase the amount of H+ in the blood Question: what is the goal of more H+?Answer: to increase the amount of HCO3- in the blood, decrease the of H+ in the blood Question: what when filtrate pH reaches 4.5?Answer: secretion ceases to function and H+ stops Question: what are some of the causes of metabolic ?Answer: , hypokalemia Question: how do the lungs compensate for alkalosis?Answer: by hypoventilating Question: what is the normal range of arterial ?Answer: 22-26 mEq/L Question: What maintains levels?Answer: Question: what maintains CO2 ?Answer: Question: what is the of HCO3- buffer/dissolved CO2 that maintains a normal pH?Answer: 20:1 Question: when ___ increases or ___ , it leads to alkalemia.(ratio greater than 20:1)Answer: HCO3-
PCO2 Question: a in ___ or an increase in ___ leads to acidemia. (ratio less than 20:1)Answer: HCO3-
PCO2 Question: pH changes caused by PaCO2 are to as what?Answer: respiratory disturbances Question: what are some ways to correct metabolic ?Answer: increased intake of fluids containing Cl-; in hypokalemia- administering KCl (potassium chloride)
if severe- HCl or chloride Question: how does the reaction produce HCO3?Answer: CO2 and H20 create ,
Hb snatches the H+, thus resulting in HCO3
CO2+H2O-->H2CO3-->HCO3-
|
Hb+H-->HHb Question: how much does plasma HCO3 increase with increase in PCO2?Answer: about 1 mEq/L for every 10 mm Hg increment over Question: what is the first step to analyzing acid-base ?Answer: categorizing pH
pH Question: what is the second step in analyzing acid-base ?Answer: respiratory involvement
PaCO2 Question: what is the third step in acid-base problems?Answer: metabolic involvement
plasma HCO3- Question: what is the last step in acid-base problems?Answer: for compensation Question: what are some of the causes of respiratory ?Answer: anesthesia, narcotics, and sedatives
poliomyelitis, gravis, guillian-barre syndrome
trauma to spinal cord, brain, chest wall, kyphoscoliosis, obesity
COPD, airway obstruction Question: what are some of the causes of respiratory ?Answer: anxiety, fear, stimulant drugs, CNS lesion, pain, sepsis
hypoxemia, asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary , pulmonary vascular disease
latrogenic hyper ventilation Question: how do u base excess?Answer: add all positive ions (cations) then add all ions (anions) then find the difference between the two (in mEq/L) |
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