In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: Answer: Any naturally inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition Question: Answer: Any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our Question: Answer: Minerals in a way that the rock retains all of the properties of each mineral Question: ElementAnswer: A substance that can not be down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means Question: Periodic Answer: The tabular arrangement of the according to atomic number Question: Answer: The small heavy core of an atom that all of its positive change and most of its mass. Question: ProtonAnswer: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the of an atom Question: Answer: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral and has a mass that of a proton. Question: ElectronAnswer: A negatively charge subatomic particle that has a negligible mass and is outside an atom's nucleus Question: Principal Answer: Levels Question: LevelsAnswer: shaped negatively changed zones that surround the nucleus of an atom. Question: Valence Answer: The electrons involved in the bonding ; the electrons occupying the highest principal energy level of an atom Question: NumberAnswer: The number of in the nucleus of an atom. Question: Mass Answer: The number of and protons in the nucleus of an atom Question: DecayAnswer: Question: Answer: A substance formed by the chemical of two or more elements in definite proportions and usually having properties different from those of its constituent elements. Question: BondAnswer: A bond between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another. Question: BondAnswer: A chemical bond by the sharing of electrons Question: IonsAnswer: An atom or that posses an electrical charge Question: Crystal Answer: The external appearance of a mineral as determined by its arrangement of atoms Question: Answer: The or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral Question: Answer: The color of a mineral in form Question: HardnessAnswer: The resistance a mineral offers to Question: Moh's Answer: A of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness Question: CleavageAnswer: The of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding Question: FractureAnswer: Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken Question: GravityAnswer: The ratio of a substance's weight to the of an equal volume of water Question: CarbonatesAnswer: Mineral group members contain the carbonate ion (CO2 -2) and one or more kinds of positive ions. Question: Rock-Forming Answer: A classification of that make up the Earth's crust Question: Answer: Any mineral that does not fall into the group Question: -Oxygen TetrahedronAnswer: A structure composed of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom that the basic building block of silicate minerals. Question: Answer: A largest of minerals Question: QuartzAnswer: A second most mineral group Question: ResourceAnswer: All discovered and undiscovered deposits of a useful that can be extracted now or at some time in the future Question: ReservesAnswer: Already identified from which minerals can be extracted profitably Question: compositionAnswer: The composition of igneous rocks lying between felsic and Question: Basaltic Answer: A compositional group of igneous rocks indicating that the rock substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar Question: Bowen’s seriesAnswer: A concept that illustrates the relationships between magma and the minerals crystallizing from it the formation of igneous rocks Question: Chemical sedimentary Answer: Sedimentary rock consisting of material that was precipitated from water by either inorganic or organic Question: Coarse-grained Answer: An igneous rock texture in which the are roughly equal in size and large enough so that individual minerals can be identified with the unaided eye Question: Contact Answer: Changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma Question: CrystallizationAnswer: The formation and growth of a crystalline from a liquid or gas Question: Crystal Answer: During the crystallization of magma, the earlier-formed minerals are denser than the portion and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber Question: Detrital sedimentary Answer: Rock from the originated and was transported in the form of solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering Question: Disseminated Answer: Any economic mineral deposit in which the desired mineral occurs as scattered particles in the rock but in quantity to make the deposit an ore Question: EvaporiteAnswer: A sedimentary rock formed of material from solution by evaporation of the water Question: (volcanic)Answer: Igneous activity that outside the crust Question: FelsicAnswer: The of igneous rocks composed primarily of feldspar and quartz Question: Fine-Grained Answer: A texture of igneous rocks in which the are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished with Question: FossilsAnswer: The remains or traces of organisms preserved from the past Question: FoliatedAnswer: A texture of metamorphic that gives the rock a layered appearance Question: GlassyAnswer: A term used to describe the texture of igneous rocks, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals Question: compositionAnswer: A compositional group of igneous rocks that indicates a rock is composed almost entirely of light-colored . Question: Hydrothermal Answer: the hot, watery solution that escapes from a mass of magna during the later stages of crystallization. It may the surrounding country rock and are frequently the source of significant ore deposits Question: Igneous Answer: A rock formed by the crystallization of magma Question: Intermediate Answer: The composition of igneous rocks between felsic and mafic Question: (plutonic)Answer: Igneous rock that below the Earth’s surface Question: LavaAnswer: that reaches the Earth’s surface Question: LithificationAnswer: The process, generally cementation and/or compaction, of converting sediments to rock Question: Answer: Igneous rocks with a low content and a high iron-magnesium content Question: MagmaAnswer: A body of molten rock found at depth, any dissolved gases and crystals Question: DifferentiationAnswer: The process of generating more than one rock type from a magma Question: Metamorphic Answer: formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids Question: MetamorphismAnswer: The changes in composition and texture of a rock subjected to high temperature and pressure within Earth Question: Answer: Metamorphic rocks that do not exhibit Question: PegmatiteAnswer: A very coarse-grained igneous rock (typically granite) found as a dike associated Question: Porphyritic Answer: The volcanic rock ejected during an eruption, including ash, or blocks Question: metamorphismAnswer: with large-scale mountain-building processes Question: Rock Answer: A model that illustrates the origin of the three rock types and the interrelatedness of Earth materials and processes Question: SedimentAnswer: Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of and transported by water, wind or glaciers Question: Sedimentary Answer: Rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting that have been transported, deposited and lithified Question: Answer: Parallel layers of sedimentary Question: TextureAnswer: The size, shape, and distribution of the that collectively constitute a rock. Question: MetamorphismAnswer: Changes in rock caused by the heat from a magma body Question: Answer: Igneous rocks composed mainly of iron and -rich minerals Question: Vein Answer: A mineral filling a fracture or in a host rock. Such deposits have a sheetlike, or tabular, form Question: metamorphismAnswer: Changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby body Question: Answer: The particle that exists as an element Question: ColorAnswer: A diagnostic observation in mineral classification. Is not as reliable as streak for . Question: Answer: Varieties of the same element that have different mass ; their nuclei contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Question: Answer: Usually a metallic mineral that can be mined for a profit. The term is also applied to certain non-metallic minerals such as fluorite and sulfur. Question: SilicateAnswer: Any one of numerous minerals that have the and silicon tetrahedron as their basic structure. Question: Angular Answer: An unconformity in which the strata below dip at an angle different from that of the beds . Question: Answer: The concept that Earth was shaped by catastrophic of a short-term nature. Question: Cenozoic Answer: A span of the geologic time beginning about 65 million years ago following the Mesozoic Era. Question: Answer: Layers of rock that were without interruption. Question: Answer: Establishing the equivalence of of similar age in different areas. Question: -Cutting RelationshipAnswer: A principle of dating. A rock or fault is younger than any rock (or fault) through which it cuts. Question: Answer: A type of unconformity in which the beds above and below are . Question: Answer: The largest time unit on the geologic time scale, next in of magnitude above era. Question: Answer: A unit of the geologic calendar that is a subdivision of a . Question: Answer: A major division on the geologic calendar; they are divided into units called periods. Question: Answer: The or traces of organisms preserved from the geologic past. Question: SuccessionAnswer: Fossil organisms that succeed one another in a definite and determinable , and any time period can be recognized by its fossil content. Question: Geologic Time Answer: The division of Earth history into blocks of time - eons, eras, periods and epochs. The time scale was created using relative dating . Question: Half-LifeAnswer: The time required for one half of the atoms of a radioactive to decay. Question: Answer: A piece of one rock unit contained within another. They are used in relative dating. The rock mass adjacent to the one containing it must have been there first in order to the fragment. Question: Index Answer: A fossil that is associated with a span of geologic time. Question: EraAnswer: A span on the geologic time scale between the Paleozoic and eras from about 248 million to 65 million years ago. Question: NonconformityAnswer: An unconformity in which older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks are overlain by younger sedimentary . Question: Numerical Answer: Date that specifies the actual number of years that have passed since an event . Question: Original Answer: Layers of sediments are deposited in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position. Question: Answer: The systematic study of fossils and the of life on Earth. Question: Paleozoic Answer: A span on the geologic time scale between the eons of the Precambrian and era from about 540 million to 248 million years ago. Question: Answer: A unit of the geologic calendar that is a subdivision of an era. They may be divided into smaller units called epochs. Question: Phanerozoic Answer: That part of geologic time represented by rocks containing abundant evidence. The eon extending from the end of the Proterozoic eon (about 540 million years ago) to the present. Question: PrecambrianAnswer: All geologic time to the Paleozoic Era. Question: RadioactivityAnswer: The spontaneous decay of certain unstable atomic . Question: (carbon-14)Answer: The radioactive isotope of carbon, which is produced continuously in the and is used in dating events from the very recent geologic past (the last few tens of thousands of years). Question: Radiometric Answer: The procedure of calculating the ages of rocks and minerals that contain radioactive isotopes. Question: DatingAnswer: Rocks are placed in their proper sequence or order. Only the chronological order of events is . Question: Law of Answer: In any undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the layers above and younger than the below. Question: Answer: A surface that represents a in the rock record, caused by erosion or non deposition. Question: UniformitarianismAnswer: The concept that the that have shaped Earth in the geologic past are essentially the same as those operating today. Question: Answer: The escape of gases that had been in magma. Question: ShieldsAnswer: A , relatively flat expanse of ancient metamorphic rock within the stable continental interior. Question: StromatolitesAnswer: that are deposited by algae and consists of layered mounts of calcium carbonate. Question: of ReposeAnswer: The steepest angle at which loose material stationary without sliding downslope. Question: WeatheringAnswer: The processes by which the internal structure of a mineral is by the removal and/or addition of elements. Question: Answer: The slow downhill movement of soil and . Question: FlowAnswer: A relatively rapid type of mass wasting that involves a flow of soil and regolith containing a amount of water Question: Differential Answer: The variation in the rate and degree of weathering caused by such as mineral makeup, degree of jointing, and climate. Question: Answer: The downslope movement of water-saturated, clay-rich . Most characteristic of humid regions. Question: Answer: The washing out of fine soil components from the A by downward percolating water. Question: ErosionAnswer: The incorporation of transportation of material by a agent, such as water, wind or ice. Question: Exfoliation Answer: Large, dome-shaped structure, usually composed of granite, formed by . Question: ProcessesAnswer: Process such as weathering, mass wasting or erosion that is powered by the Sun and transforms solid rock into . Question: Answer: A type of movement common to mass-wasting processes that refers to the free of detached individual pieces of any size. Question: FlowAnswer: A type of movement common to mass-wasting in which water-saturated material moves downslope as a viscous fluid. Question: Frost Answer: The mechanical of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices. Question: Answer: A layer in a soil . Question: ProcessesAnswer: These derive energy from Earth's interior. Question: LaharAnswer: Mudflows on the slopes of volcanoes the result when unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated and flow , usually following stream channels. Question: Answer: The depletion of soluble materials from the upper soil by downward-percolating . Question: Mass Answer: The downslope movement of rock, , and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Question: Mechanical Answer: The disintegration of rock, resulting in smaller fragments. Question: MaterialAnswer: The upon which a soil develops. Question: Answer: Refers to the permanently frozen ground that occurs in 's harsh tundra and ice-cap climates. Question: RegolithAnswer: the layer of rock and fragments that nearly everywhere covers Earth's surface. Question: Answer: The rapid slide of a mass of rock downslope along planes of . Question: EnrichmentAnswer: the concentration of minor amounts of metals that are scattered through unweathered rock into valuable concentrations by weathering processes. Question: Answer: A mechanical weathering characterized by the splitting off of slablike sheets of rocks. Question: Answer: A movement common to mass-wasting processes in which the material moving downslope remains fairly coherent and along a well-defined surface. Question: SlumpAnswer: The downward slipping of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit a curved surface. Question: SoilAnswer: A combination of mineral and organic matter, , and air; that portion of the regolith that supports plant growth. Question: Soil Answer: A vertical section through a soil its succession of horizons and the underlying parent material. Question: Soil Answer: A soil classification system consisting of six hierarchical categories based on observable soil characteristics. The recognizes 12 soil orders. Question: Soil Answer: The relative proportions of clay, silt, and sand in soil. It strongly influences the soil's to retain and transmit water and air. Question: SolifluctionAnswer: Slow, downslope flow of water-saturated materials common to permafrost . Question: Answer: The O, A, and B horizons in a soil profile. roots and other plant and animal life are largely confined to this zone. Question: WeatheringAnswer: When the rock has a more rounded or spherical shape. Question: Talus Answer: An accumulation of rock debris at the base of a . Question: WeatheringAnswer: The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near Earth's . Question: External Answer: Weathering, mass and erosion are examples because they occur at or near the Earth's surface and are powered by the Sun. Question: FanAnswer: A fan-shaped deposit of sediment when a stream's slope is abruptly reduced. Question: AlluviumAnswer: Unconsolidated sediment by a stream Question: Answer: Rock or soil which groundwater moves easily. Question: AquitardAnswer: Impermeable beds that or prevent groundwater movement. Question: Artesian Answer: A well in the water rises above the level where it was initially encountered. Question: Answer: A poorly drained area on a floodplain that results when natural are present. Question: BarAnswer: Common term for sand and gravel deposits in a channel. Question: Base Answer: The level below which a cannot erode. Question: Bed Answer: Sediment that is carried by a along the bottom of its channel. Question: Braided Answer: A stream consisting of numerous channels. Question: CapacityAnswer: The total amount of sediment a stream is able to . Question: CavernAnswer: A naturally formed underground chamber or series of chambers most produced by solution activity in limestone. Question: CompetenceAnswer: A measure of the largest particle a stream can transport; a factor dependent on . Question: Cone of Answer: A cone-shaped in the water table immediately surrounding a well. Question: Answer: A short channel segment created when a river erodes through the narrow neck of land between . Question: DeltaAnswer: An accumulation of sediment formed where a stream a lake or ocean Question: Dendritic Answer: A stream system that resembles the pattern of a tree. Question: DischargeAnswer: The quantity of water in a stream that passes a given point in a of time. Question: LoadAnswer: That portion of a stream's load in solution. Question: DistributaryAnswer: A of a stream that leaves the main flow. Question: DivideAnswer: An imaginary line that separates the drainage of two ; often found along a ridge. Question: BasinAnswer: The land area that contributes water to a . Question: DrawdownAnswer: The difference in height between the bottom of a cone of and the original height of the water table. Question: EvapotranspirationAnswer: The combined effect of evaporation and . Question: FloodAnswer: When the discharge of a stream becomes so great that it the capacity of its channel. Question: FloodplainAnswer: The flat, low-lying portion of a stream valley to periodic inundation. Question: GeyserAnswer: A fountain of hot ejected periodically. Question: Answer: The of a stream; generally measured in feet per mile. Question: GroundwaterAnswer: in the zone of saturation. Question: Hot Answer: A spring in which the water is 6-9 degrees Celsius (10 -15 degrees Fahrenheit) than the mean annual air temperature of the locality. Question: Hydrologic Answer: The unending circulation of Earth's supply. Question: Incised Answer: Meandering channel that flows in a steep, narrow valley; They form either when an area is or when base level drops. Question: InfiltrationAnswer: The movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore . Question: Answer: A topography consisting of numerous depressions sinkholes. Question: Laminar Answer: The movement of water particles in straight-line paths that are parallel to the channel. The water particles move without mixing. Question: Answer: A bend in the course of a stream. Question: Natural Answer: The elevated landforms that parallel some streams and act to confine their waters, except floodstage. Question: LakeAnswer: A curved lake produced when a cuts off a meander. Question: PermeabilityAnswer: A measure of a 's ability to transmit water. Question: PorosityAnswer: The of open spaces in rock or soil. Question: Radial Answer: A system of streams running in all away from a central elevated structure, such as a volcano. Question: PatternAnswer: A drainage pattern characterized by numerous right-angle bends that develops on or fractured bedrock. Question: RunoffAnswer: that flows over the land rather than infiltrating into the ground. Question: (Sink)Answer: A produced in a region where soluble rock has been removed by groundwater. Question: SortingAnswer: The process by which solid particles of various are separated by moving water or wind. Also, the degree of similarity in particle size in sediment or sedimentary rock. Question: Answer: A flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the surface. Question: StalactiteAnswer: The icicle-like structure that hangs from the ceiling of a . Question: StalagmiteAnswer: The column-like form that grows upward from the floor of a . Question: ValleyAnswer: Consists not only of the channel but also the terrain that directly contributes water to the stream. Question: LoadAnswer: The fine sediment withing the body of flowing water. Question: Answer: The release of water vapor to the atmosphere by . Question: Trellis Answer: A system of streams in which nearly parallel tributaries valleys cut in folded strata. Question: Turbulent Answer: The movement of water in an erratic fashion often characterized by swirling, whirlpool-like eddies. Most is of this type. Question: Water Answer: The upper level of zone of groundwater. Question: WellAnswer: An opening bored into the zone of . Question: TributaryAnswer: A tributary that flows parallel to the main because a natural levee is present. Question: Zone of Answer: Area above the water table where openings in the soil, , and rock are not saturated but filled mainly with air. Question: Zone of Answer: Zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely with water. Question: Answer: Smaller that follow the main earthquake. Question: AsthenosphereAnswer: A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100 kilometers and in some regions extends as deep as 700 kilometers. The rock this zone is easily deformed. Question: Body Answer: waves that travel through Earth's interior. Question: Answer: Located beneath the mantle, it is the innermost layer of . The core is divided into an outer core and an inner core. Question: Answer: The very thin layer of Earth. Question: EarthquakeAnswer: The vibration of Earth by the rapid release of energy. Question: ReboundAnswer: The sudden release of stored strain in rocks that results in movement along a . Question: Answer: The location on Earth's that lies directly above the focus of an earthquake. Question: Answer: A break in a rock mass along which has occurred. Question: Fault Answer: Displacement along a fault that is so slow and gradual that seismic activity occurs. Question: FocusAnswer: The zone within Earth where rock displacement produces an . Question: Answer: Small earthquakes that precede a major earthquake. Question: CoreAnswer: The innermost layer of Earth, about 1300 kilometers (800 miles) in radius. Question: IntensityAnswer: A measure of the of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. Question: Answer: A phenomenon, sometimes associated with earthquakes, in which soils and other unconsolidated materials containing abundant water are turned into a fluidlike mass that is not capable of supporting . Question: LithosphereAnswer: The outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle. Question: MagnitudeAnswer: The total amount of released during an earthquake. Question: MantleAnswer: The 2,900 kilometer (1,800 miles) layer of Earth located below the crust. Question: Answer: The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere and characterized by decreasing temperatures with height. Question: Lower Answer: The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere and characterized by decreasing temperatures with height. Question: Modified Intensity ScaleAnswer: A 12 point scale developed to evaluate earthquake based on the amount of damage to various structures. Question: Mohorovicic (Moho)Answer: The boundary separating the crust from the mantle, discernible by an increase in velocity. Question: MagnitudeAnswer: A more precise measure of earthquake magnitude than the scale that is derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone. Question: Outer Answer: A layer beneath the mantle about 2,200 kilometers (1,364 miles) thick that has the of liquid. Question: Primary (P) Answer: A type of seismic wave that involves alternating compression and expansion of the material through it passes. Question: Richter Answer: A scale of earthquake magnitude based on the of a seismograph. Question: Secondary (S) Answer: A seismic wave that involves oscillation to the direction of propagation. Question: Sea Wave (Tsunami)Answer: A rapidly moving ocean wave generated by earthquake activity capable of inflicting heavy damage in coastal . Question: SeismogramAnswer: The record made by a . Question: SeismologyAnswer: The study of earthquakes and waves. Question: Shadow Answer: The zone between 104 and 143 distance from an earthquake epicenter in which direct waves do not arrive because of refraction by Earth's core. Question: Surface Answer: Seismic waves that travel along the outer layer of . Question: Answer: A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of 100 kilometers and in some regions extends as deep as 500 kilometers. The rock within this zone is easily deformed. Question: Drift TheoryAnswer: A theory that originally proposed that the are rafted about. It has essentially been replaced by the plate tectonics theory. Question: BoundaryAnswer: A boundary in which two plates move together, causing one of the slabs of lithosphere to be into the mantle as it descends on an overriding plane. Question: PointAnswer: The temperature above which a loses its magnetization. Question: Deep-Ocean Answer: An depression in the seafloor produced by bending of oceanic crust during subduction. Question: BoundaryAnswer: A region where the plates are moving apart, typified by the mid-oceanic ridges. Question: Fossil Answer: i Question: Answer: Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable has taken place. Question: Hot Answer: A concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma, which in turn extrudes onto 's surface. The intraplate volcanism that produced the Hawaiian Islands is one example. Question: Answer: The rigid outer layer of , including the crust and upper mantle. Question: ReversalAnswer: Question: Magnetic Time Answer: Question: Answer: Question: PlumeAnswer: A mass of hotter-than-normal mantle material that toward the surface, where it may lead to igneous activity. These plumes of solid yet mobile material may originate as deep as the core-mantle boundary. Question: PolarityAnswer: A magnetic field that is the same as that exists at present. Question: Ridge SystemAnswer: A elevated zone on the floor of all the major ocean basins and varying in width from 500 to 5000 kilometers (300 to 3000 miles). The rifts at the crests of ridges represent divergent plate boundaries. Question: Answer: Question: PangaeaAnswer: The proposed supercontinent that 200 million years ago began to apaer and from the present landmasses. Question: MeltingAnswer: The process by which most igneous rocks melt. Since individual minerals have different melting points, most igneous rocks melt over a temperature range of a few hundred degrees. If the liquid is squeezed out after some melting has , a melt with hig Question: Answer: One of numerous rigid sections of the lithosphere that moves as a unit over the of the asthenosphere. Question: TectonicsAnswer: The theory that proposes that Earth's outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, , mountains & the crust itself. Question: Reverse Answer: A magnetic field opposite to that exists at present. Question: PushAnswer: A mechanism that may contribute to plate motion. It involves the lithosphere sliding down the oceanic ridge under the pull of gravity. Question: Rift Answer: A region of Earth's crust which divergence is taking place. Question: Spreading Answer: The process of producing new between two diverging plates. Question: Slab Answer: A mechanism that contributes to plate motion in which cool, dense crust sinks into the mantle and "pulls" the trailing lithosphere along. Question: Slab Answer: Question: Subduction Answer: A long, zone where one lithospheric plate descends beneath another. Question: Transform Fault Answer: A boundary in two plates slide past one another without creating or destroying lithosphere. Question: Volcanic Island Answer: A chain of islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where active subduction of one oceanic slab beneath another is occurring Question: AA FlowAnswer: A type of lava flow that has a blocky surface. Question: Answer: A large mass of igneous rock that formed when magma was emplaced at depth, crystallized and subsequently exposed by . Question: CalderaAnswer: A large depression typically caused by or ejection of the summit area of a volcano. Question: ConeAnswer: A rather small volcano built primarily of pyroclastics ejected from a vent. Question: Columnar Answer: A pattern of cracks that form during cooling of molten rock to generate columns that are six sided. Question: Composite Answer: A volcano composed of both lava flows and material. Question: Answer: A pipelike opening through which magma moves Earth's surface. It terminates at a surface opening called a vent. Question: Continental ArcAnswer: Mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated with the of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent. Question: CraterAnswer: The depression at the summit of a , or that which is produced by a meteorite impact. Question: MeltingAnswer: Melting that occurs as rock ascends due to a drop in confining . Question: Answer: A -shaped intrusive igneous feature that cuts through the surrounding rock. Question: Answer: A crack in rock along which there is a separation. Question: EruptionAnswer: An eruption in which lava is extruded from narrow fractures or cracks in the . Question: Flood Answer: Flows of basaltic lava that issue from numerous cracks or fissures and cover extensive areas to thicknesses of hundreds of meters. Question: FurmaroleAnswer: A vent in a volcanic area from which fumes or escape. Question: Gradient
Answer: The gradual increase in temperature with depth in the crust. The average is 30°C per kilometer in the crust. Question: Hot Answer: A concentration of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma, which in turn extrudes onto Earth’s surface. The intraplate volcanism that produced the Hawaiian islands is one . Question: Intraplate Answer: Igneous activity that within a tectonic plate away from plate boundaries. Question: LaccolithAnswer: A massive igneous body between preexisting strata. Question: Answer: Mudflows on the slopes of volcanoes that result when unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated and flow downslope, usually following channels. Question: Mantle Answer: A mass of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascends toward the surface, where it may lead to activity. These plumes of solid yet mobile material may originate as deep as the core–mantle boundary. Question: Nuee Answer: Incandescent volcanic debris buoyed up by hot gases that moves downslope in an avalanche . Question: FlowAnswer: A lava flow with a -to-ropey surface. Question: ConeAnswer: A volcanic cone that on the flank of a larger volcano. Question: Partial Answer: {most igneous rocks} Individual minerals have different melting points, most igneous rocks melt over temperature range of a few hundred degrees. If the liquid is squeezed out after some melting has , a melt with a higher silica content results. Question: PipeAnswer: A vertical conduit through which magmatic materials have . Question: Answer: A structure that results from the emplacement and crystallization of magma beneath the of Earth. Also known as an intrusion. Question: Pyroclastic Answer: A highly heated mixture, largely of ash and pumice fragments, traveling down the of a volcano or along the surface of the ground. Question: Pyroclastic Answer: The volcanic rock ejected during an eruption, including ash, , and blocks. Question: Scoria Answer: A rather small volcano built primarily of pyroclastics from a single vent. Also known as a "cinder cone". Question: Shield Answer: A broad, sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas. Question: SillAnswer: A tabular igneous body that was intruded parallel to the layering of rock. Question: StratovolcanoesAnswer: A composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material. Also known as a "composite cone". Question: Answer: The surface opening of a or pipe. Question: ViscosityAnswer: A of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Question: Answer: Gaseous components of magma in melt. Volatiles readily vaporize (form a gas) at surface pressures. Question: NeckAnswer: An isolated, steep-sided, remnant consisting of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano. Also known as a plug. Question: Answer: Question: WedgeAnswer: A large wedge-shaped mass of sediment that accumulates in subduction zones. Here, sediment is scraped from the subducting oceanic plate and accreted to the crustal block. Question: Continental MarginAnswer: A portion of the seafloor adjacent to the continents that is usually narrow and consisting of highly deformed sediments. These margins occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted the margin of a continent. Question: Answer: A fold in sedimentary strata that an arch; the opposite of syncline. Question: Answer: A circular downfolded . Question: Brittle Answer: Question: Brittle Answer: Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. with rocks near the surface. Question: DeformationAnswer: General term for the of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces. Question: Dip-Slip Answer: A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the . Question: DomeAnswer: A roughly circular structure similar to an anticline. Question: Ductile Answer: A type of state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high. Question: FaultAnswer: A in a rock mass along which movement has occurred. Question: Block MountainAnswer: A mountain by the displacement of rock along a fault. Question: ScarpAnswer: A cliff created by movement along a fault. It represents the exposed surface of the prior to modification by weathering and erosion. Question: Answer: A bent rock or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed. Question: Answer: A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded . Question: Gravitational Answer: The gradual subsidence of mountains caused by lateral spreading of weak material located deep within these . Question: HorstAnswer: An , uplifted block of crust bounded by faults. Question: Answer: The concept that Earth’s crust is floating in gravitational balance on the of the mantle. Question: AdjustmentAnswer: Compensation of the lithosphere when weight is added or . When weight is added, the lithosphere responds by subsiding, and when weight is removed, there is uplift. Question: Answer: A fracture in rock along which there has been no . Question: Answer: A one-limbed flexure in strata. The strata are flat-lying or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline. Question: Normal Answer: A fault in which the rock above the plane has moved down relative to the rock below. Question: Answer: The processes that result in the formation of mountains. Question: Passive Continental Answer: A margin that consists of a continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise. margins are not associated with plate boundaries and therefore experience little volcanism and few earthquakes. Question: FaultAnswer: A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material . Question: Strike-Slip Answer: A fault along which the is horizontal. Question: Answer: A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the of anticline. Question: TerraneAnswer: A crustal block bounded by faults, whose geologic is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal blocks. Question: Thrust Answer: A low-angle fault. Question: FaultAnswer: A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and motion between two plates. |
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
MStrange
Popular Earth Science sets