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Term: : the viewpoint that arose as a criticism of environmental determinism, holding that populations develop their own cultures within constraints set by the environmentExample: Term: : a culture trait in the sociological subsystem, which is, the part of a culture that guides how people are expected to with each other and how their social institutions are structuredExample: Term: Syncretism: the development of a new form of trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental traitsExample: Romans trying to convert non-Christians into and developing holidays like Easter ETHAN Term: -gatherer: an economic and social system based primarily or exclusively on the hunting of wild animals and the gathering of food, fiber and other materials from uncultivated , insects, eggs and so on.Example: Term: Subsystem: the complex of ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and means of their communication that characterize a culture, along with the technological and sociological subsystemsExample: The mythology of how the angle was exiled to earth and became the devil in Christian religion AUGUSTINE Term: subsystem: the complex of material objects together with the techniques of their use by means of people carry out their productive activities and that characterize a culture, along with the ideological and sociological subsystemsExample: Term: independent : (parallel invention) innovations developed in two or more unconnected locations by individuals or groups acting Example: pyramids of Egypt and Mayan civilization pyramids HANNAH Term: : introduction of new culture traits, ideas, practices, or material objectsExample: Term: Multilinear : a concept of independent but parallel cultural development advanced by the anthropologist Julian Steward to explain cultural similarities among widely separated peoples existing in similar environments but who could not have benefited from shared experiences ideas, or diffused technologies Example: Term: Acculturation: the process of how to operate within a new culture; cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through 'borrowing'Example: Term: : the adoption of a new culture by a migrant and the abandonment of most aspects of an original Example: change of dress and behaviors an immigrant may go through when living in a new country ABIGAIL Term: Contagious : MOVE Example: Term: Cultural Adaptation: the process and time it takes a person to integrate into a new culture and feel within it. A person in this position may encounter a wide array of emotions that the theory describes in four different stages. This includes the honeymoon, culture shock, recovery, and adjustment stages.Example: American Indians adapting to listening to modern commodities through the years such as the introduction of jeans, cars, language, and music. Term: Cultural Autonomy: Every nation, irrespective of place of domicile of its individual members (irrespective of territory, hence the term “extra-territorial” autonomy) is a united officially recognized association conducting national-cultural .Example: ABIGAIL Term: Convergence: The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.Example: The act of countries in Europe interacting with each other leading to the swapping of cultures and overall inclusion of all cultures in areas formally separate Term: Cultural : Sometimes religious beliefs can clash with popular culture, forcing the faithful members of certain to practice cultural divergence. A good example of this is the Amish culture in the United States. The Amish are a type of Christian religious group.Example: The Amish keep separation between themselves and other communities KENDALL Term: Core/periphery pattern: The core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of region and the outlying region or periphery houses economic ties. the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.Example: Term: ecology: MOVE Example: Term: hearth: MOVE Example: Term: identity: the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-conception and self-perception and is to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.Example: I am Filipino HANNAH Term: Cultural : the impacts on an area, including buildings, agricultural patterns, roads, signs, and nearly everything else that humans have createdExample: Term: cultural : a geographical region where cultural traits maintain homogeneity. The cultural are supposed to be the product of regional geographical circumstances. The entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic developmentExample: Term: Cultural system: the interaction of different elements of culture. this is quite different from a social system, sometimes both systems together are referred to as the sociocultural system.Example: the north and south in the 1800's (pre-civil war) where the south was mostly rural and the act of slavery wasn't shunned. The north shunned Slavery and it as a vile thing also mostly urban NOLAN Term: Region: refers to a geographical area with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture). are often associated with an ethnolinguistic group and the territory it inhabits.Example: Term: Expansion : MOVE Example: Term: Diffusion: MOVE Example: Term: Diffusion: MOVE Example: Term: Diffuison: MOVE Example: Term: Innovation Curve: is a model that classifies adopters of innovations into various categories, based on the idea that certain individuals are inevitably more open to adaptation than others. Aka: Multi-step Flow Theory, Diffusion of Theory. The categories are: Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, LaggardsExample: Term: Diffusion: diffusion of an idea or that is not suitable for the environment in which it diffused into (e.g., New England-style homes in Hawaii, or Ranch-style homes in northeast US).Example: Term: Occupancy: notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.Example: The nation of Tanzania has passed from the hands of one ruler to another with the culture traits of each AUGUSTINE Term: Land Survey System: is a way of subdividing and describing land in the United States. All lands in the public domain are subject to subdivision by this rectangular system of surveys, which is regulated by the U.S. Department of the , Bureau of Land Management (BLM)Example: Term: House: is an architectural that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions.Example: Term: Vernacular Region: s a distinctive area where the inhabitants collectively consider themselves interconnected by a shared history, mutual interests, and a common identity. Such regions are "intellectual inventions" and a form of shorthand to identify things, people, and .Example: Tidewater, tri city area Term: -and-bounds: mits or boundaries of a tract of land as identified by natural landmarks, such as rivers, or by man-made structures, such as roads, or by stakes or other markers. A principal legal type of land in the United States, metes-and-bounds descriptions are commonly used wherever survey areas are irregular in size and shape. Example: Term: Long-Lot : system implemented in Quebec, Louisiana, Texas or areas of French influence, that the land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canalsExample: Term: Heritage : A cultural landscape, as defined by the World Heritage Committee, is the "cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of man." "a landscape designed and created intentionally by man" an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a relict (or fossil) landscape or a continuing landscapeExample: Native American Reservations Term: Rectangular System: provides for a unit of land approximately 24 miles square, bounded by base lines running east and west, and meridians running north and south. This 24 mile is divided into areas six miles square called townships. Townships are further divided into 36 sections, each one mile square.Example: Term: Transculturation: s a term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures.Example: Buddhism originated in India but spread around and with Confucianism. ETHAN Term: Adaptive : Describes a society's system of economic production
-helps explain some of the differences societies that are influenced by economy.Example: Term: Anglo-American : distinguished by a set of cultural traits like language, beliefs, customs, norms of behavior, institutions, way of life, artifacts etc; Influences from Britain caused certain styles of housing. British Architecture in AmericaExample: Term: Characteristics: a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it.Example: religion, language, arts, and social organizations Term: Architectural : the look of housing, effected by the materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the timeExample: Term: Environment: efers to the man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings to parks. It has been as "the humanitarian-made space in which people live, work, and recreate on a day-to-day basis."Example: Term: Folk : A culture traditionally practiced by a , homogeneous, rural group living in isolation.Example: The banjo & fiddle are traditional instruments in 'folk culture' NATHAN Term: Folk : Food that is traditionally made by the common people of a and forms part of their culture.Example: Term: Folk House: traditional Example: pioneer homes like ,log cabin homes SAMAR Term: Folk Songs: traditionally sung by the people of a region and forms part of their culture; typically no skill is required Example: "this land is your SAMAR Term: : unwritten lore (stories, proverbs, riddles, songs) of a Example: Term: Habit: a settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up.Example: brushing your every morning and every night is a habit ABIGAIL Term: Taboo: a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.Example: In , cows are extremely sacred and if you eat one it is considered extremely taboo and problematic ETHAN Term: : the complete natural environment in which a particular wine is , including factors such as the soil, topography, and climate.Example: Term: Material : efers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth.Example: cars, books, , computer, etc. SAMAR Term: Nonmaterial : Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture. does not include any physical objects or artifacts. include any ideas, beliefs, values, norms that may help society.Example: Term: Culture: culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an eliteExample: Term: Survey : systems that are used to dataExample: Term: Architecture: traditional building styles of cultures, religions, and placesExample: Term: Local : Group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or Community, who share experiences, customs, and traits and who worked to preserve those traits and customs in to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from othersExample: the south's teachings of using politeness such as "yes ma'am or no sir" as well as holding the door open which is commonly not done in the north United States
NOLAN Term: Custom: The body of traditional practices, usages, and conventions that social lifeExample: in Japan people each other by bowing KENDALL Term: Appropriation: The process by which cultures adopt customs and from other cultures and use them for their own benefitsExample: bindis, or headdresses HANNAH Term: Neolocalism: A social movement advocating a return to local products, locally owned businesses, and locally controlled institutions in reaction against Mass popular culture and globalizationExample: People from in Chinatown in NYC still celebrate their Chinese culture and holidays, such as the Chinese New Year. ETHAN Term: Neighborhood: An area within a city containing of the same ethnic backgroundExample: Chinatown HANNAH Term: Commodification: The process through which something is given monetary value. This occurs when a good or idea that previously was regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular prize and that can be traded in a market economyExample: salt was used for and big deals KENDALL Term: : In the context of local cultures are , the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or Typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customsExample: Term: Decay: The declining intensity of a spatial interaction with increasing distance from its point of Example: Term: Reterritorilization: With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their ownExample: when the conquered the Aztecs, they eliminated all Aztec symbols AUGUSTINE Term: Placelessness: Define by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the nextExample: Term: -local Continuum : The notion that would happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that across faceExample: Term: : The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter , National, and Global processesExample: mcdonald’s ABIGAIL Term: Folk-housing : A region in which the housing stock predominately reflects styles of buildings that are to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the areaExample: Term: Diffusion : The spatial through which cultural traits or other phenomena spreadExample: Term: Language: A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother by a people in place of the mother tongueExample: Term: Reconstruction: The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of backwards towards the original languageExample: Term: Intelligibility: The of two people to understand each other when speakingExample: Spanish and Portuguese KENDALL Term: Geographic : A variant marked by vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation differences from other variants of the same common language. When those variations are spatial or Regional, they are called Geographic dialects. When they are indicative of socio-economic or educational levels, they are called social dialectsExample: Term: Deep : Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to recreate the that preceded the extinct languageExample: Term: Chains: A set of continuous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most relatedExample: Term: : Dialect by some African-AmericansExample: Term: Extinct : A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no usedExample: Term: : The system of writing used in China and other East Asian in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound as is the case with letters in EnglishExample: Term: : A geographic within which a particular linguistic feature occursExample: Term: Isolated : A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not to any language familyExample: Term: Language: A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for Example: Term: Language : A collection of languages related through a common that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or is old with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same familyExample: Term: Language : A collection of related to each other through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded historyExample: Term: Language : A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabularyExample: Term: Subfamily: a smaller group of related languages within a familyExample: Term: Romance : French, , Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but we're not subsequently overwhelmedExample: Term: Language: English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and that reflect the expansion of people's out of Northern Europe to the west and southExample: Term: Slavic : Russian, polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, serbo-croatian, and Bulgarian that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in -day Ukraine close to 2000 years agoExample: Term: Indo-European : family containing the Germanic and romance languages that includes languages spoken by about 50% of the world's peopleExample: Term: Sino-Tibetan: Language area that spreads through most of Asia and China and is comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and KoreanExample: Term: Afro-Asiatic: A large language family found primarily in North Africa and Southwest Example: Term: -Congo: A large language family of 1400 spoken primarily in AfricaExample: Term: -Polynesian: A large language family of over 1,200 spoken primarily in Southeast Asia and the South PacificExample: Term: Language : The process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages or when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languagesExample: Spanish and Portuguese is a language that has been broken down into two forms AUGUSTINE Term: Convergence: A collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent interaction of peoples with different languagesExample: Term: Lingua : A term driving from language and applying a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a Common Language a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerceExample: Term: Language: The language used most commonly around the world defined on the of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in Commerce and tradeExample: Term: Literary : A language that is written as well as Example: Term: Diversity: the amount of variation of languages a hasExample: Term: States: in which only one language is spokenExample: Term: Multilingual : Countries in which more than one language is Example: Term: official : In multilingual countries the language selected, Often by the educated and politically powerful Elite, to promote internal cohesion. Usually the language of the courts and governmentExample: The Official languages of Afghanistan are Pashto and Dari Term: : When of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabularyExample: Seal Island Creole (Spoken in South Carolinas Sea Islands) Hatian Creole in Louisiana KENDALL Term: Polyglot: A multilingual Example: Term: Protolanguage: The common of a family of modern languagesExample: Term: shift: Slight change in a word across languages within a sub family or a language family from the present backwards towards its originExample: Term: -Indo-European: Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the Hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which Hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to AustraliaExample: Term: : Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of proto-indo-european, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the Southern region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the dravidian languages of India, and the afro-asiatic language familyExample: Term: Toponym: Place Example: Term: Language: A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.Example: English is a trade language being around the world to have the ability to trade with English speaking countries AUGUSTINE Term: Standard : The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual Elite seek to promote as the norm for used in schools, government, the , and other aspects of public lifeExample: Term: Bilingual: fluency in at least two Example: I speak both and Spanish AUGUSTINE Term: : The non-standard indigenous language or dialect of a locality. Of or related to arts and architecture, such as a house period of or related to the perceptions and understandings of the general population, such as a regionExample: Term: Vulgar : A form of Latin used in Daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, was used for official documentsExample: Term: Renfrew : Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfro wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearths, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language : Europe's Indo-European languages from Anatolia, North African and Arabian languages from the Western Arc of the Fertile Crescent, and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India from the Eastern Arc of the Fertile CrescentExample: Term: Kurgan : The Proto-Indo-European language diffused from modern day Ukraine CONQUESTExample: Term: culture : MOVE Example: Term: : A society's Collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts created according to the group's conditions of Life. Transmitted as a Heritage to succeeding generations and undergoing adoptions, modifications, and changes in the process. A term for group displaying uniform characteristicsExample: |
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