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the process by which people act toward or respond to other people
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The complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior
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Sociology Ch. 5
Society, Social Structure, and Interaction in Everyday Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the process by which people act toward or respond to other people | Social Interaction |
| The complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior | Social Structure |
| The state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure | Social Marginality |
| Any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance | Stigma |
| A socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties | Status |
| Comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time | Status Set |
| A social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender | Ascribed Status |
| A social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort | Achieved Status |
| The most important status a person occupies | Master Status |
| Material signs that inform others of a person's specific status | Status symbols |
| A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status | Role |
| A group's or society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played | Role Expectation |
| How a person actually plays the role | Role Performance |
| Occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time | Role Conflict |
| Occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies | Role Strain |
| Occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance | Role Distancing |
| Occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity | Role Exit |
| Consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence | Social Group |
| A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time | Primary Group |
| A larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time | Secondary Group |
| Refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles; cohesion | Social Solidarity |
| A series of social relationships that links an individual to others | Social Network |
| A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals | Formal Organization |
| A set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs | Social Institution |
| The methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily life | Subsistence Technology |
| Use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation | Hunting and Gathering Societies |
| Based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food | Pastoral Societies |
| Based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food | Horticultural Societies |
| Remaining settled for longer periods in the same location | Sedentary |
| Use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply | Agrarian Societies |
| Based on technology that mechanizes production | Industrial Societies |
| One in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy | Post-Industrial Society |
| People around the world communicate with one another by cell phone, e-mail, social networking, and the Internet | Global Village |
| A classification scheme containing two or more mutually exclusive categories that are used to compare different kinds of behavior or types of societies | Typology |
| Refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds | Mechanical Solidarity |
| The social cohesion found in industrial (and perhaps postindustrial) societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence | Organic Solidarity |
| A traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability; means "commune" or "community" | Gemeinschaft |
| A large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values; means "association" | Gesellschaft |
| The ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention | Civil Inattention |
| Regulates the form and processes (but not the content)of social interaction | Interaction Order |
| The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience | Social Construction of Reality |
| Analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly | Definition of the Situation |
| A false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true | Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
| The study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves | Enthnomethodology |
| People or folk | Ethno |
| A system of methods | Methodology |
| The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation | Dramaturgical Analysis |
| Refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image | Impression Management (Presentation of Self) |
| Refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face | Face-Saving Behavior |
| A face-saving technique in which one role-player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved | Studied Nonobservance |
| The area where a player performs a specific role before an audience | Front Stage |
| Shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation | Feeling Rules |
| Occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mine (such as hope, desire, or fear) in others | Emotional Labor |
| The transfer of information between persons without the use of words | Nonverbal Communication |
| How we behave or conduct ourselves | Demeanor |
| the symbolic means by which subordinates give a required permissive response to those in power; it confirms the existence of inequality and reaffirms each person's relationship to the other | Deference |
| The immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private | Personal Space |
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