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Chapter21-IntroPharm

Introduction to Pharmacology

QuestionAnswer
What can drug salts end with in drugs? Mesylate, Tartrate, Citrate, Hydrochloride, Sodium, or Potassium
What can drug names indicate? Drug class or use
The mechanism of action of a drug is classified by the different what within the body? Biological or biochemical changes
Drugs within the same class often have similiar: Mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and contraindications
What does DOC stand for? Drug of Choice
What is a drug or drug class that is superior in treating certain conditions? Drug of Choice
What is the most frequently prescribed drug called? Drug of Choice
What are first line drugs? Drugs that have acceptable adverse effect profiles
What drugs are less effective and have more adverse effects? 2nd, 3rd, 4th line of drugs
What is pharmacokinetics? The study of movement and changes in the drug within the body
What are the four parts of pharmacokinetics? Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
How the drug gets into the bloodstream is the definition to which of the four parts of pharmacokinetics? Absorption
What drugs are not absorbed? IV drugs
What are the drug absorption factors? pH of the compartment, lipid solubility, and vascularity of the administration site
When will a drug stay intact when it enters a body compartment? When the acidity of the drug and body enviroment are similiar
The drug ionizes when what happens? When the acidity of the drug and the body enviroment are dissimiliar
Drugs are only absorbed as what? Intact molecules
When are drugs better absorbed? In "like" enviroments
What happens when the body cavity pH is altered? The drug uptake will also be altered
What drugs pass easily through the cell membrane? Lipid soluble drugs
What are some highly lipid soluble drugs? Most CNS drugs and anesthetics
What happens once the drug enters the bloodstream? The drug disseminates throughtout the body
Once in the bloodstream, part of the drug remains where? Free in the plasma
Once in the bloodstream, the other part of the drug that isn't free in the plasma goes where? May be stored either bound to plasma proteins or in fat
Highly lipid soluble drugs stored in fatty tissue include? Liver, spleen, CNS, and stored fat
The drugs are also stored as protein-drug complexes bound to either what? Tissue proteins or plasma proteins
Drugs bound to proteins exist in equilibrium between what two drug types in the plasma? Bound drugs and "free" drugs
What type of drug has a therapeutic effect and can be eliminated from the body? "Free" drug
The volume of space the drug occupies in the body is the what? Volume of Distribution(VD)
What is large VD? When the drug is distributed throughtout different body compartments
What is small VD? When the drug is concentrated mainly in one place
What is the loading dose? A large initial doesage to quickly reach therapeutic levels
What is drug metabolism? When drugs undergo changes in the body
What metabolizes drugs? Enzymes
What enzyme is involved in the metabolism of most drugs in the liver? Cytochrome P450
What is Cytochrome P450? Cytochrome mixed function oxidase system
In order to be filtered by the kidneys during clearance, drugs must not be what? Lipid soluble or protein bound
How are drugs secreted? Liver, bile, then feces
What is contraindicate? When some drugs cannot be used with certain illnesses
The amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the drug dosage to clear the body is the what? Drug half-life
What two things is the drug half-life influenced by? Rate of elimination and how quickly a drug might be inactivated in the body by enzymes
What alters drug half-lives? Altering the clearance rate, pH, altering the elimination rate, and renal and liver dysfunction
What are some examples that alter drug half-lives? Acetylcholines and Enterohepatic recycling
What can range from uncomfortable to life threatening? Adverse effects
Adverse effects advise to understand the mechanism of drug's action with what to determine the possible effects? Physiology background
What are the 3 absorption level drug drug interactions? Binding interactions, change pH of the enviroment, and change in local blood flow
What is the drug distribution interaction? Protein binding interactions
Many drugs bind to the same what? Plasma proteins
Most drugs bind to what protein? Albumin
During interactions at clearance, how does the body expel the drug? Lungs, urine, and bile
Some drugs "compete" for the same enzyme or what? Limit the enzymes activity
What is agonists? A drug that mimics the actions of a substance in the body
What type of substance does the agonist mimic? Endogeneous substances
What are two ways an agonists can work? Stimulating a cellular or biochemical pathway or inhibiting the breakdown of endogeneous substances
When one drug decreases or prevents the actions of another drug is called what? Antagonistic effect
The antagonistic effect prevents the function of what when binded to it? Receptor
When is a receptor stimulated? At the moment of contact
What are partial agonists? Weak agonists that acts as agonists unless a stronger agonists is present then it acts as an antagonist
When are partial agonists useful? When there are erratic levels of strong agonists
When two drugs have the same effect, the effect of one will be added to the effect of the other is called what? Additive effects
What is synergistic effect? When two drugs have the same physiological effect, but different mechanisms and one potentials the effect of the other such that the combined effect is greater than the sums of both drugs
What two substances have a dangerous synergistic effect? CNS depressants and alcohol
What is it called when one drug decreases or blocks the actions of another drug? Antagonistic effect
Created by: MaKaylaJade123
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