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Pharmacokinetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many drugs treated with a weak ____ or weak ___, and are a salt of the original drug | acid, base |
| Salts may end in: | Mesylate, Tartrate, Citrate, Hydrochloride, sodium, or potassium |
| Drug name may indicate the __________ or ____ | Drug class or use |
| _______ may take part of the ______ name as the trade name | Brand names, generic |
| Drugs with the same class often have similar: | Mechanisms of action, adverse effects, contraindication |
| DOC | Drug of Choice |
| First lines drugs have | acceptable adverse effect profile |
| If the DOC doesn't work... | the second line drug is prescribed |
| 2nd, 3rd, 4th line drugs are ______ and have more ______ | less effective, adverse effects |
| Pharmacokinetics | study of the movement of and changes in the drug within the body |
| 4 parts of Pharmacokinetics | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination |
| IV drugs... | are not absorbed |
| drug absorption factors: | pH of the compartment, lipid solubility, vascularity of adminstration site |
| Drug reacts with the _______ of the ____________ it enters | environment, body compartment |
| if ________ of drug and the body environment is similar the drug remains intact | acidity |
| If the acidity of the drug and the body environment is dissimilar the drug ________ | ionizes |
| Drugs are only absorbed as _______ molecules, not as dissolved salts, or ionized particles | intact |
| _______________ pass easily through the cell membrane | Lipid soluble drugs |
| Highly lipid soluble drugs include | Most CNS drugs, anesthetics |
| More _______ at the absorption site the faster the drug is absorbed | blood vessels |
| Highly lipid soluble drugs stored in fatter tissue including: | Liver, spleen, CNS, stored fat |
| Or stored as Protein-drug complexes bound to either: | tissue proteins, plasma proteins |
| Only ______ has a therapeutic effect and can be eliminated from the body | free drugs |
| drugs boudn to proteins exist in the _________ between bound drug and "free" drug in the plasma | equilibrium |
| large Vd | drug is distribute throughout different body compartments |
| small Vd | drug is concentrated mainly in one place |
| loading dose | large initial dosage to quickly reach therapeutic levels |
| Volume of Distribution | volume of space the drug occupies in the body |
| Drug Metabolism | Drugs undergo changes in the body, can be in any organ, however mainly occurs in the liver |
| Metabolized by: | enzymes |
| Cytochrome P450 | a system or group of enzymes Involved in the metabolism of most drugs in the liver |
| Drug clearance | usually by the kidney or the liver |
| Drug half-life | the amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the drug dosage to clear the body |
| Drug half-life influenced by: | Rate of elimination, How quickly a drug might be inactivated in the body by enzymes |
| What alters drug half-lives? | Altering the clearance rate, pH, altering the elimination rate, Renel or liver dysfunction can decrease the elimination rate ex: Acetylcholines or enterohepatic recycling |
| Adverse effects | Range from uncomfortable to life threatening |
| Advises to understand the _________________ with ____________ to determine the possible effects | mechanism of the drug's action with physiology background |
| Elimination | the removal of the drug from the body |
| Clearance | the removal of the drug from the plasma |
| Drug-Drug interactions most likely occur: | Absorption, distribution(protein binding), clearance |
| 3 absorption level D-D interactions | binding interaction, change pH of the environment, change in local blood flow |
| Many drugs bind to the same _____________ | plasma proteins |
| Body expels the drug through the ______, _____, or______ | lungs, urine, or bile |
| some drugs compete for the same enzyme or | limit the enzymes activity |
| Agonist | a drug that mimics the actions of a substance (endogenous substance) |
| How can an agonist work? | -Stimulating a cellular or biochemical pathway -inhibiting the breakdown of the endogenous substance (indirect agonism) |
| Antagonist | when on drug decreases or prevents the actions of another drug |
| Antagonist may bind to a _______ and does not stimulate it, or _____ the receptors to agents that may be able to stimulate it | receptor, blocks |
| Partial Agonists | weak agonist; act as agonists unless a stroing agonist is present, then they act as antagonist |
| Additive effects | when two drugs have the same effect, the effect of one will be added to the effect of the other |
| synergistic effects | when two drugs have the same physiological effect, but different mechanisms and one potentiates of the other such that the combined effect is greater than the sums of both drug effects |
| __________ and __________ have a dangerous synergistic effect | CNS depressants and alcohol |
| Antagonistic effect | one drug decreases of blocks the actions of another drug |
| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen level |
| High BUN level indicates: | poor kidney function |
| Test for liver funtion: | SGOT, SGPT, LDH, ALT, AST |
| High glucose level= | diabetic |
| low glucose level= | hypoglycemic |
| Blood glucose levels measured either: | after fasting or shortly after eating |
Created by:
EmilyNicole2013
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