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Conditions-CH.8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dementia | condition characterized by multiple cognitive deficits, w/the main deficit being impairment of memory; memory loss is the hallmark/ most significant symptom |
| Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) | most common form of dementia; progressive impairment of memory, executive function, attention, language, visual processing, & praxis; behavioral disturbances are common |
| Delirium | characterized by confused mental state with changes in attention, perceptual disturbance (hallucinations, delusions), incoherence, disturbed consciousness, cognitive change; usually has a brief duration |
| Senile dementia | term used when the medical community believed that memory loss was a normal part of the aging process; “senile” literally means age 65 or older – considered negative |
| Vascular Dementia | caused by one or more strokes that occur when blood cannot get to the brain; can be caused by blood clots or fat deposits; a stroke can also be caused when a blood vessel in the brain bursts |
| Prodromal SX of delirium | can include: restlessness, anxiety, sleep disturbance, & irritability |
| Prodromal | prelim phase of an illness which warn of upcoming major/ primary SX |
| Dysnomic aphasia | difficulty naming objects |
| Dysgraphia | inability to write a sentence |
| Constructional apraxia | evidenced by inability to draw a clock face or inability to draw geometric designs or figures |
| Asterixis | hand flapping tremor |
| Neurologic abnormalities of Delirium include: | dysgraphia, constructional apraxia, dysnomic aphasia, motor abnormalities (tremor, asterixis), myoclonus or muscle spasms, reflex/ tone changes |
| Sundowning | condition in which a person w/ cognitive impairment becomes confused or disoriented at the end of the day |
| Neuroleptic | med having antipsychotic action, affecting sensorimotor, cognitive, & psych functions |
| Analgesic | pain medication |
| What are the cognitive deficits seen with Dementia? | aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or a disturbance in executive functioning, recent memory, & memory impairment |
| Aphasia | difficulty w/ expressive and/or receptive language; impaired language |
| Apraxia | inability to motor plan, execute purposeful movement, manipulate objects, or use objects appropriately; loss of skilled purposeful movement; can affect ideation & concept formation as well as programming & planning of movement |
| Agnosia | inability to comprehend sensory info (auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, tactile, proprioceptor, & vestibular) due to CNS damage; ex. - the inability to recognize familiar objects by sight or touch |
| Topographic orientation | self orientation w/in the environment; T.O. w/ memory loss can result in people with dementia & delirium |
| What are the best DX tools for confirming a DX of AD? | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Magnetic resonance volumetry, , diffusion-tensor imaging, cerebrospinal fluid assays, positron emission tomography, & electroencephalography |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | neuroimaging tool that uses radiology to visualize detailed internal structures; used to detect the earliest changes of AD or to differentiate AD from other forms of dementia |
| Magnetic resonance spectroscopy | DX tool that measures the levels of different metabolites in body tissues |
| Magnetic resonance volumetry | DX tool that measures the volume of the internal structures of the body |
| Cerebrospinal fluid assays | DX tool that measures biomarkers in CSF |
| Diffusion-tensor imaging | DX tool that uses MRI methods to produce images of the structure & organization of the connections throughout the CNS |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | DX tool uses for testing the electrical activity of the brain |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) | a nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a 3D image of the functional processes of the body |
| Neurofibrillary tangles | contaminated tau protein that becomes twisted & cause eventual cell death; the shrinking of brain structures is a result of neural loss caused by this & beta-amyloid plaques |
| Beta-amyloid plaques | an accumulation of amyloid precursor proteins that have not been correctly broken down in the body; can also be caused by a chemical accident; the shrinking of brain structures is a result of neural loss caused by this & neurofibrillary tangles |
| Amyloid precursor protein (APP) | defective breakdown of this benign substance causes beta-amyloid plaque; it lives in various parts of the body (including the brain), & it’s role in cellular functioning is unknown |
| Tau | a type of protein; protein that makes up neurofibrillary tangles; normally serves as connectors (“railroad ties”) for a track-like structure that transports nutrients & other important molecules throughout every cell body of every neuron |
| Recent memory | cognitive ability to temporarily store & manage info that’s required to carry out cognitive tasks (learning/ reasoning); aka short-term or working memory |
| Remote memory | cognitive ability to recall info from the past (aka, long-term memory) |
| Procedural memory | recall of info on how to perform a task such as knowing how to write or ride a bike |
| Semantic memory | ability to remember the name of an object |
| Personal episodic memory | recall of time related info about one’s self, such as where & if one ate breakfast |
| General knowledge | example, remembering the name of the highest mountain in the world |
| Short-term memory | the ability to recall info after a short time period |
| Long-term memory | the ability to recall information for long periods of time without effort |
| Paraphasia | language d/o in which a person hears & comprehends words but is unable to speak correctly; saying the wrong word, substituting a word that sounds alike, or using a word in the same category as the intended word |
| Anomia | inability to name objects; person searches in vain for a word & says “thing-a-ma-jig” or just gives up |
| Circumlocution | expressing an idea by talking around the intended word w/extensive description & elaboration |
| Hyperflexia | overflexion of a limb |
| Paratonia | involuntary resistance to passive movement of the extremities |
| Dysphagia | loss of ability to chew & swallow |
| Executive function | broad band of skills that allow an individual to engage in independent, self-directed behavior, i.e. Planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting, self-awareness, formulating goals, etc. |
| Disinhibition | loss of inhibition, or cultural & social sense of self-restraint; it is seen instead of spontaneity in AD patients |
| Lability | rapidly shifting or changing emotions; more common in vascular dementia |
| Hyperoality | excessive overeating or developing a limiting food preference (ex. Banans & milk only); it’s a disinhibited behavior found in Frontal temporal Dementia (FTD) |
| Hypersexualtiy | disinhibition in regard to sexual impulses; may consist of verbalizations or gestures; it’s a disinhibited behavior found in FTD |
| Bradykinesia | slowness of all voluntary movement & speech; core feature of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) |
| Extrapyramidal symptoms | involuntary movement, changes in muscle tone, & abnormal posture |
| Praxis | skilled purposeful movements |
| What are the cognitive disorders most commonly seen by OTs? | delirium & dementia |
| neuropathy | disease of the nervous system; any disease or disorder of the nerves |
| neuropathology | pathology of the nervous system; the scientific study of diseases of the nervous system; the branch of medicine that studies and treats the morphological and other features of nervous system disease |
| pathology | Form of medical science concerned w/all aspects of disease, but w/special reference to the essential nature, causes, & development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural & functional changes that result from the disease processes |
| cognition | refers to the broad range of mental abilities that enable us to know about the world around us; abilities include memory, language, attention, perception, & reasoning |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) | the clinical state of individuals who are memory impaired, but are functioning well & do not meet the criteria for dementia |
| Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) | Pick's disease/ complex; memory deficit is not the 1st SX; believed to include an overlapping of the following syndromes: primary progressive aphasia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive subnuclear palsy, & motor neuron disease; linked w/chromosome 17 |
| syncope | fainting; loss of Consciousness |
| Lewy Bodies | microscopic spherical neuronal inclusion bodies within the cytoplasm of a cell |
| Dementia with Lewy Bodies | often misdiagnosed as AD, delirium, or viewed as Parkinson's plus AD; LB's are found in the cortical & subcortical structures of the brain; shows a progressive decline of cognition, resulting in impaired social or occupational function |
Created by:
sheaton
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