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Conditions-CH.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA); stroke/ brain attack | results from an interruption in the blood flow to the brain, either bc of a blocked blood vessel or ruptures; can occur in any part of the brain, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, or brainstem; can lead to brain damage |
| Infarct | site & extent of the affected area of a CVA |
| What are the two main types of strokes? | ischemic & hemorrhagic |
| Ischemia | lack of blood supply; constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel, often leading to death (necrosis) of the surrounding tissue |
| Ischemic stroke | characterized by blockages & include atherothrombotic, lacunar, & embolic infarctions, in that order of frequency |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | (includes intracerebral & subarachnoid hemorrhages) caused by a rupture in a blood vessel or an aneurysm, with resultant bleeding into or around cerebral tissue or the subarachnoid space |
| Atherosclerosis | deposits of fatty substances in arteries, veins, & the lymphatic system & is a gradual degenerative disease of the blood vessel walls; it’s a form of arteriorsclerosis in which deposits of plaques (atheromas) containing cholesterol & other lipid material |
| Atheromas | degenerated, thickened material (plaque); abnormal mass of fatty or lipid material w/a fibrous covering, which forms a discrete raised plaque w/in the inner layer (intima) of an artery |
| Cerebral thrombosis | occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the arteries supplying the brain, causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation; occurs most frequently in blood vessels that have already been damaged by atherosclerosis |
| Thrombus | blood clot; comprised of such blood factors as platelets & fibrin; most common cause of stroke |
| Stenosis | narrowing of the blood vessel; results in fewer cases of strokes |
| Collateral circulation | secondary circulation that continues to an area of the brain following obstruction of a primary blood vessel & may prevent major ischemia |
| Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) | episode of temporary SX, due to diminished blood flow through the carotid arteries or sometimes related to impaired circulation through the vertebrobasilar vessels. TIA is a powerful warning sign of a stroke, & SX can range from obvious loss of sensati |
| Ataxia | inability to coordinated muscle activity during voluntary movement |
| Homonymous Hemianopsia | loss of one half of the visual field, on the same side, in both eyes; usually the result of a CVA |
| Embolism | occurs when a clot that has formed elsewhere (thrombus) breaks off (embolus), & travels up the blood stream until it reaches an artery too small to pass |
| Aneurysm | bulging or outpouching of a wall of an artery as a result of weakness in the vessel wall; prone to rupture at any time; one cause of hemorrhagic stroke (other cause is a ruptured blood vessel) |
| Arteriovenous | referring to both an artery & a vein |
| Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) | congenital malformation characterized by an abnormal collection of blood vessels near the surface of the brain; AVM can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Hematoma | localized collection of blood in an organ or w/in a tissue; common forms include contusions (bruises) & black eyes; most common types affecting the brain are epidural & subdural. |
| Hemiplegia | paralysis of one side of the body; paralysis occurs on the opposite side of the lesion or infarct |
| Associated reactions | involuntary movements or reflexive increases in tone on the affected side of individuals w/hemiplegia; ex. A resisted grasp by the noninvolved hand causes a grasp reaction in the involved hand |
| Spasticity (hypertonicity) | abnormally high tone |
| Decussation | an x-shaped crossing, especially of nerves or bands of nerve fibers, connecting parts on opposite sides of the brain or spinal cord |
| Dysarthria | imperfect articulation of speech caused by disturbances of muscular control (of the lips, mouth, tongue, & vocal cords) resulting from CNS or PNS damage |
| Unilateral neglect | inattention to the individual’s side of the body/environment that is contralateral to a cerebral lesion |
| Apraxia | inability to motor plan, execute purposeful movement, manipulate objects, or use objects appropriately; loss of skilled purposeful movements |
| Dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | thrombosis, commonly seen in the legs or pelvis, that results from phlebitis (inflammation of a vein), vein injury, or prolonged bed rest |
| Endarterectomy | during the procedure the diseased vessel is opened, the clot is removed, & an artificial graft is put in place; carotid endarterectomy is among the most commonly performed vascular surgeries in the US. |
| Agnosia | inability to comprehend sensory info (auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, etc.) due to CNS damage |
| Flaccidity (hypotonus) | abnormally low muscle tone |
| Constraint-induced therapy | Term used to denote a "family of treatment modalities" in which the common feature is discouraging the use of the unaffected or less affected arm, combined with intensive training of the paretic arm; see table 9.1, pg .142 |
| Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | medications used for dissolution of an occluding thrombus |
Created by:
sheaton
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