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What role do autotrophs fill in the biosphere?
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Indicate the role of the stomate structure within the leaf:
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AP Biology
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What role do autotrophs fill in the biosphere? | To produce food |
| Indicate the role of the stomate structure within the leaf: | responsible for gas exchange |
| Indicate the role of the mesophyll cells structure within the leaf: | interior leaf exchange gases with the outside |
| Indicate the role of the thylakoid membranes structure within the leaf: | interconnected system that water comes through |
| Indicate the role of the stroma structure within the leaf: | contains enzymes required to produce |
| What is the source of oxygen released from photosynthesis? | Light reactions |
| In the overview of photosynthesis, indicate the most significant function of light reaction. | Convert solar energy to chemical energy makes ATP |
| In the overview of photosynthesis, indicate the most significant function of the Calvin cycle. | To drive synthesis reactions |
| Light is a form of energy known as: | Photon |
| Visible light has a wavelength range of: | 380 - 750 nm |
| Plant light receptors absorb | higher wavelengths of light. |
| Plant light receptors reflect | lower wavelengths of light. |
| The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll contains the element | carbon. |
| The role of the porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is to | create Krebs cycle. |
| What does chlorophyll do when excited by photons? | Gives off a green reflection to make it look green |
| Rubisco | Enzymes that bond CO2 and RUBP. Also, runs carbon fixation |
| Carbon fixation | Taking a carbon and attaching it to a compound |
| How does cyclic differ from noncyclic photophosphorylation? | Noncyclic - no NADP available, cyclic - NADP is available |
| To generate ATP, chloroplasts rely on the ETC to | carry electrons |
| To generate ATP, ATP is synthesized when | it is recieved by a primary acceptor |
| What happens to water within the thylakoid membrane and stroma? | Used to drink water |
| What happens to high energy electrons within the thylakoid membrane and stroma? | Transported to make ATP |
| What happens to H+ within the thylakoid membrane and stroma? | Combines with compound |
| What happens to oxygen within the thylakoid membrane and stroma? | Breathed out of plant |
| What happens to NADP+ within the thylakoid membrane and stroma? | Goes in Calvin cycle |
| What happens to ADP within the thylakoid membrane and stroma? | Used for energy for plant |
| Where in the chloroplast is the H+ concentration highest? | In the roots of the plants |
| What happens during carbon fixation? | CO2 enters the Calvin cycle |
| List the materials the plant uses during the Calvin cycle and the source of the materials. | Rubisco, 3C, PGA, CO2, RUBP, PGAL |
| The products of the Calvin cycle are | PGAL |
| What environmental and internal challenges have forced both C4 and CAM plants to evolve alternatives to the photosysthesis system used by other plants? | The dying off of photorespiration |
| Why do high oxygen levels inhibit photosysthesis? | Because oxygen goes out an CO2 com into plant |
| What happens during photorespiration and why is it considered bad for plants? | When O2 is high concentration and Rubisco combines it to RUBD. It's bad because it can't make sugar / ATP |
| What evolutionary adaptations to the Calvin cycle are seen in C4 plants like sugar cane? | The separating of CO2 and the Calvin cycle, different enzymes to capture CO2 |
| What eveolutionary adaptation to the Calvin cycle is seen in CAM plants like cacti? | The opening and closing based on the time of day |
| What is the primary function of photosynthesis? | Light energy is converted into stored chemical energy |
| Name 2 molecules that are produced during the light dependent reactions of phototsynthesis and serve as temporary sites for energy storage. | ATP and NADPH |
| When a molecule loses an electron, | the molecule has been oxidized. |
| When a molecule gains an electron, | the molecule has lost energy. |
| What is the name of the three carbon molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle (dark reactions)? | phosphoglycerate (PGA) |
| Which has the most energy: one photon of green light, one photon of red light, or one photon of blue light? | One photon of blue light |
| Chlorophyll is green because it | reflects green wave lengths of light. |
| "Packets" or "particles" of light are called? | photons |
| What happens during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis? | Energy from sunlight is used to split water, manufacture ATP, and reduce NADP+, forming NADPH |
| What happens during the light independent reactions of photosynthesis? | Carbon from carbon dioxide becomes incorporated into organic molecules and is used to make carbohydrate |
| What happens to an electron in chlorophyll in Photosystem II when the electron absorbs light energy? | Moves to higher energy level, passes along electron transport chain and is donated to P700 in photosystem I |
| General equation describing photosynthesis. | light + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
| Chloroplasts | sites where both light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur |
| Stroma | outside phospholipid bilayer membrane enclosing a fluid, part of chloroplasts |
| Thylakoids | individual pancake like membranes located within the stroma |
| Granum | A stack of pancake like membranes (thylakoids) |
| Photorespiration | the biosynthetic pathway that leads to the fixation of oxygen |
| Peroxisomes | Specialized cellular organelles found near chloroplasts, function to break down photorespiration products |
| What is the original source of all energy used by nearly all organisms on earth? | The sun |
| Relating to photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll is found in the membranes of | thylakoids. |
| When decidous trees drop their leaves in the fall, the leaves turn to various shades of red, orange, and yellow. The source of these colors is | carotenoids. |
| Products of noncyclic photophosphoylation are: | NADPH, ATP, and O2 |
| Which molecule contains more stored energy: NADPH or Starch | Starch. 1 molecule starch = 36 ATP molecules, 1 molecule NADPH = 3 ATP molecules |
| What occurs in cyclic photophosphorylation? | Electrons move along an electron transport chain, electrons in chlorophyll become excited, ATP is produced, light energy is absorbed |
| Releases oxygen | Photolysis |
| Stores energy obtained from light into NADPH. | Noncyclic photophosphorylation |
| A metabolic pathway that involves movement of substances between two kinds of cells. | C4 photosynthesis |
| Occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast. | Calvin-Benson cycle |
| The ultimate source of electrons used in making a molecule of glucose. | Photolysis |
| Does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur in the dark? | No, although the Calvin-Benson cycle is light-independent, it requires ATP and NADPH from photophosphorylation (which occurs only in light). |
| In photosynthesis, a majority of the light reactions occurs on | the stroma membranes in the chloroplast. |
| In photosynthesis, light energy is stored in | ATP |
| In photosynthesis, what drives the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi? | A proton gradient |
| In photosynthesis, when is glucose (or another 6-carbon sugar) made? | During the photosynthetic process. |
| How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 photosynthesis? | C4 plants are more efficient CO2 fixers than are C3 plants |
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