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A HTG 100
A HTG 100 A City Upon a HIll chapters 1-5 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sovereignty | Ultimate political power-- having the final say |
| Human Predicament | The cycle from tyranny to revolution to anarchy to competing groups |
| Despot | A ruler exercising absolute power |
| Revolution | A means of removing tyranny from power |
| Tyranny | Absolute power centralized in one person |
| Anarchy | No one person or group maintains absolute power. Characterized by mass disorder caused by failure to agree on a common course of action |
| Competing Groups | Groups that in a state of anarchy fight for supreme pwoer and control |
| Good Society | Reasonably stable and prosperous society without an oppressive tyranny. Usually includes peace respect vibrant culture and personal freedom to live the way one chooses. |
| Plato | Greek philosopher and author of THE REPUBLIC which extolled civic virtue and the necessity of arete |
| Political Legitimacy | Ruling by a sanction higher than stark necessity. Sanction may stem from divine right wisdom or consent |
| King James 1 | Claimed political legitimacy through the divine right of kings |
| Divine right of Kings | Political theory that royal lines are established by God and that kings rule by divine decree. |
| Theocracy | Divinely inspired rule or rule by religion |
| Aristocracy | Rule based on distinguished or wise ancestors and heritage |
| Greek Freedom | The privilege of taking part in the political process and observing society's rules |
| Human Nature | The fundamental disposition of humans that determines their behavior |
| Arete | Greek term for human virtue the backbone of republican morality. Striving for excellence |
| European Enlightenment | 18th century philosophical movement that proposed individual self interest rather than Greek virtue or Christian humility, as the motivating factor in human behavior. |
| Autocracy | One of the four alternative forms of government: Sees people as children in need of a carefully controlled environment provided by government |
| Classical republicanism | One of the four alternative forms of government: sees people and government as mostly good but corruptible and so government should have restricted power and try to encourage good moral climate |
| Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the constitution regarding basic protections of rights from the government passed in response to the Anti-Federalist argument against the initial constitution |
| Libertarianism | One of the four alternative forms of government: sees the most important value as individual freedom and holds that government should only protect the freedom and nothing more |
| Liberalism | One of the four alternative forms of government: sees people in the most favorable light, but institutions or other influences can corrupt them so government is necessary to protect them from such corrutption |
| Thomas Jefferson | Third President who wrote Declaration of Independance |
| Structure | Rules and restrictions designed to better harness virtue |
| Polis | City or city state, often self governed by its citizens as the ancient greek city states were. |
| Social Compact | The social concept of a group of autonomous individuals living in a state of nature making a common agreement about the sort of political world they want to live in. |
| State of Nature | Hypothetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality |
| Corporate communities | Colonial settlements established for economic or financial purposes by various companies although usually chartered by the crown their remote circumstances helped foster the idea and practice of self governance |
| John Rolfe | Virginia colonist who pioneered the cultivation of tobacco as a profitable agricultural enterprise |
| Covenant communities | settlements based on religious or moral values mostly interested in being an example to europe or living according to their own moral liberty |
| Pilgrams | small congregation of separatists seeking to distance themselves physically and spiritually from the Church of England by immigrating to New Englad |
| House of Burgesses | An assembly of reps elected by the common people of the Virginia colony. like the house of commons in England |
| Robert Brown | Writer and proponent of the separatist movement that demanded separation from the Church of England. His writings inspired groups such as the pilgrams to emigrate to America for religious freedom |
| Puritans | Wanted to reform the Church of England rather than sever all ties with it; their beliefs in the Christian Calling, Moral self governance, and in being God's elect would help shape the founding and American National character |
| Moral self governance | Puritan ideal that all must live a righteous life largely on their own with each man being responsible for his own actions and those of his family, with an eye on his neighbor as well. |
| John Winthrop | Elected Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony before their departure from England and was re-elected many times. Known for his sermon Model of Christian Charity. Stated that the Puritan colony would be a City upon a Hill. |
| Tabula Rasa | Latin for clean slate or blank slate. Puritans felt that the new world was a "tabula rasa" on which mankind could begin the human story anew. |
| City on a Hill | Biblical ideal of a civil liberty and that they would be an example to the world. |
| Natural Liberty | Free to do whatever you want. |
| Civil Liberty | Men are free to that which is good, just, and honest. |
| King James 1 of England | First to style himself King of Great Britain. First monarch from the house of stuart |
| John Locke | English philosopher whose Treaties of Government espousing natural rights consent of the governed and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers |
| Whig Party | Englads first political party organized in political opposition to the king. Formed by the Earl of Stansbury |
| Second Treaties of Government | John Locke's work arguing that true political authority comes not from God or precedent but from the people |
| William of Orange | Called by Parliament to rule with his wife Mary. |
| Glorious Revolution | When William and Mary came to power by the invitation of Parliament |
| 5 Rule of Law Principles | Generality, Prospectivity, Consent, Due Process, Publicity |
| Natural Law | Law that the classical Greeks believed to reside in the human heart reflects our innate sense of right and wrong |
| Natural Rights | fundamental rights granted by nature that government cannot aborgate and which government is bound to protect |
| Cicero | an orator, statesman, political theorists, lawyer, and philosopher of ancient rome |
| Common Law | Law that is considered to be from natural law principles framed in precedents set by earlier courts. it was the primary form of law in England |
| Generality | says that when laws are made they must apply to broad categories of people and must not single out individuals or groups for special treatment |
| Prospectivity | says that laws must apply to future action and not past action |
| Publicity | says that laws must be known and certain, such that everyone knows of their existence and their enforcement is reasonably reliable |
| Consent | Rule of law principle that states laws must be generally acceptable to those who must live by them |
| French and Indian War | Britain and her colonies fought against French with their respective allies. French lost and Britain gained control of North America |
| Due Process | When laws are applied they must be administered impartially |
| Montesquieu | French political thinker who favored the British system rule of law and lauded the idea of separation of powers |
| Commonwealth Ideology | The idea that the "Country Party" had the best strategy and opportunity to preserve liberty against the "Court party" |
| Court party/ Tories | English royal court and the center of British political power characterized by corruption and subversion |
| Country party | English opposition to the "Court party" that consisted of commonwealth men. The country party was considered morally independent with pure motives |
| John Adams | Defended the British troops involved in the Boston massacre, demonstrated that the colonists were civilized and could therefor govern themselves |
| Separation of powers | dividing powers of government between the separate branches |
| Adam Smith | Wrote Wealth of Nations and is known as Father of Modern Economics |
| Mercantilism | Maximize exports, minimize exports |
| Command System | An economic system in which the allocation of resources is heavily controlled by government instead of free market forces |
| Navigation Acts | Trade had to go through Britain so that gold and silver would flow into the motherland (trade regulations for colonists) |
| Capitalism | The philosophy of a free market economy in wich the government serves only to create an acceptable environment in which to make exchange |
| The Wealth of Nations | Written by Adam Smith that criticized mercantilism and proposed a free market economy in which the "invisible hand" determined prices |
| Markets | Divisions of the economy that specialize in certain goods or services |
| Market economy | An economic model advanced by Adam smith in which the forces of individual self-interest regulate the economy. This self-regulation eliminates the need for most government interventions |
| Exchange | Trade between two parties |
| Role of money | Money facilitates exchange by eliminating the necessity for a "coincidence of wants" functioning as a generally acceptable medium for exchange |
| Specialization | The economic practice of focusing resources on production of one or a few goods |
| Perfect competition | When buyers and sellers have no influence on price and terms of exchange |
| Collusion | When sellers are conspiring to maintain a high price and avoid competing with one another |
| Monopoly | When one person or group captures enough market power to control or manipulate prices; the lack of competition in a market |
| Law of Supply | As the price of a particular good or service rises, suppliers will produce more of that good or service |
| Law of Demand | As the price of a particular good or service rises individuals will uy less of that good or service |
| Role of Prices | In a market economy prices determine the quantity of good supplies |
| Role of Profits | Profits increase-> sellers and suppliers and resources increase |
| Equilibrium | Amount demanded is equal to the amount supplied |
| Shortage | When the amount demanded is greater than the amount supplied |
| Surplus | When the amount supplied is greater than the amount demanded |
| THe invisible hand | Adam Smith's term for the natural self regulation of a market economy driven by self interest and efficiency |
| The Role of Government in a Market Economy | Prevent Coercion and Fraud, provide money, provide basic transportation and communication, define property rights, enforce the exchange agreements |
| Laissez-faire | Policy in which there is little or no interference with exchange trade or market prices by the government |
| Taxation without representation | Rallying cry of the colonists during the revolutionary period because of the taxes placed on them by a parliament in which they had no representation. |
| Tea Act | British ruling that made it expensive to buy tea. |
| Boston Tea Party | When a group of indian dressed Bostonians threw a whole bunch of tea into the Boston harbor. |
| Committees of correspondence | Committees in the colonies that met together to correspond with other colonies. England didn’t like that, so they shut them down. America didn’t like that, so they opened other ones. |
| Patrick Henry | Known for his "give me liberty or give me death" speech in the Virginia House of Burgesses |
| Continental Congress | A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's intolerable acts. They declared independence and later drafted the Articles of Confederations |
| Thomas Paine | English intellectual, scholar, revolutionary, deist, and idealist who wrote Common Sense. |
| Common Sense | A political pamphlet by Thomas Pain that helped convince colonists about the necessity to fight against Britain and to become independent |
| Paul Revere | Silversmith who was well known for his role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord. He helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British Military |
| Demigod | Half man, half god. Wrongly used to describe founding fathers. |
| Declaration of Independence | Document expressing the desire and intention of the American Colonies to break ties with Britain due to the injustices perpetrated by King George 3 |
| Rule of Law | A set of metalegal principles developed by the English legal system as a way of distinguishing whether a particular law supported freedom or not |
| Indentured Servitude | Land owners would pay the passage of those willing to come to the colonies in exchange for an agreed upon term of service after which the servant was released from his obligation and then free to seek his won fortune |
| John Calvin | French Theologin during the Protestant Reformation who greatly influenced puritain beliefs. Taught that the Bible was the final authority for matters of faith and that salvation came through grace only. Taught predestination |
| God's Elect | From Calvin's predestination theology-> God has already chosen those who will be saved |
| The Christian Calling | From Calvin-> people should pursue a "calling" in some sort of worldly work where they are to rise early in the morning, work hard, save their money, and invest it wisely. Prosperity indicates God's approval |
| Coincidence of Wants | When two parties each possess something desired by the other promoting an exchange |
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