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A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle.
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The __ surrounds the fascicles. The dense irregular c.t. sheath of the __ contains extensive arrays of blood vessels and nerves that branch to supply muscle fibers w/in each individual fascicle.
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Anatomy Ch. 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle. | epimysium |
| The __ surrounds the fascicles. The dense irregular c.t. sheath of the __ contains extensive arrays of blood vessels and nerves that branch to supply muscle fibers w/in each individual fascicle. | perimysium |
| The innermost c.t. layer. It is a delicate, areolar c.t. layer that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber. Contains reticular protein fibers to help bind together neighboring muscle fibers and to support capillaries near these fibers. | endomysium |
| A thick, cord-like structure composed of dense regular c.t. Formed by 3 c.t. layers as they merge and extend past muscle fibers. They attach the muscle to bone, skin or another muscle. | tendon |
| Skeletal muscles perform what functions? | body movement, maintenance of posture, protection and support, storage and movement of materials, and heat production |
| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles? | excitability, conductivity, contractility, elasticity, extensibility |
| The skeletal muscle is __ by an extensive network of blood vessels. Blood vessels deliver both oxygen and nutrients to muscle fibers. They remove waste products produced by muscle fibers. | vascularized |
| Skeletal muscle is __ by or functionally connected to and controlled by motor neurons. | innervated |
| __ __ extend from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle fibers. Each __ __ has a long extension called an __ (nerve fiber) that branches extensively at its terminal end. | motor neurons, axon |
| Skeletal muscle is classified as __ __ b/c the muscle fibers can be consciously controlled by the nervous system. | voluntary muscle |
| B/c of their potentially extraordinary length, skeletal muscle cells are often referred to as __ __ or __. | muscle fibers (or myofibers) |
| W/in muscle many muscle fibers are organized into bundles called __. | fascicles |
| Approximately 80% of the volume of a muscle fiber is composed of long, cylindrical structures called __. Each __ contains bundles of muscle protein filaments called ___. It takes many successive units of __ to extend the entire length of the __. | myofibrils, myofliaments |
| Myofibril bundles contain two types of myofilaments: | thick filaments and thin filaments |
| A tendon that forms a thin, flattened sheet is called a(n): | aponeurosis |
| In a muscle there are concentric layers of connective tissue. From deep to superficial these layers are: | endomysium, perimysium, epimysium |
| Thick myofilaments are composed of bundles of what protein molecule? | myosin |
| Myofibrils are made of: | myofilaments |
| A neuromuscular junction contains a(n): | synaptic knob, motor end plate, and synaptic cleft |
| Within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional units known as: | sarcomeres |
| What are the invaginations of the sarcolemma on the smooth muscle called? | caveolae |
| Muscle tissue demonstrates the property of __ when it's done contracting and returns to its resting length. | elasticity |
| Match the muscle with the nervous system control: skeletal, smooth, cardiac. | voluntary, involuntary, autorhythmic |
| The plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle fiber is called the: | sarcolemma |
| Thin filaments in smooth muscle cells contain which proteins? | actin and tropomyosin |
| Single unit cells contract: | together |
| Multiunit muscle cells contract: | individually |
| What type of muscle forms the majority of the walls in the digestive tract? | smooth muscle |
| Smooth muscle contraction is under __ control of the nervous system. | involuntary |
| In smooth muscle cells, thin filaments are attached to: | dense bodies |
| Contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints. | posture |
| Cardiac muscle cells are __ like skeletal muscle fibers. | striated |
| During development, many groups of __ fuse to form single skeletal muscle fibers. | myoblasts |
| In a motor unit, a single __ neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle. | motor |
| The __ discs that anchor the sacromere on either end in skeletal muscle are absent from smooth muscle cells. | Z |
| The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle involves a calcium-binding protein called: | calmodulin |
| Voluntary sphincter muscles of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts can be kept closed or open. | storage and movement of materials |
| Heat is produced as a waste product of energy usage. | temperature regulation |
| Muscles contract and pull on the tendons that attach the muscles to the bones. | body movement |
| A sacromere is defined as the distance from one __ to the next adjacent __. | z disc |
| An increase in the size of a muscle fiber is called: | hypertrophy |
| The word "biceps" in the name of a muscle refers to the fact that: | the muscle has two tendons of origin |
| When a person blinks they are using their: | orbicularis oculi |
| Which is the "kiss muscle" used for puckering the lips? | orbicularis oris |
| A nursing baby is using what muscle to suckle? | buccinator |
| Contraction of the rectus abdominis results in the rotation of the vertebral column. T or F? | false |
| Which muscle forms the traditional "six-pack" of a well-toned abdominal wall? | rectus abdominis |
| Which of the following is not one of the rotator cuff muscles? a. infraspinatus b. subscapularis c. teres minor d. supraspinatus e. teres major | e-teres major |
| What muscle is known as the "swimmer's muscle?" | latissimus dorsi |
| Which is one of the largest muscles in the body and the one most responsible for extending and laterally rotating the thigh? | gluteus maximus |
| Which is not one of the hamstring muscles? a. semitendinosus b. semimembranosous c. biceps femoris d. rectus femoris | d-rectus femoris |
| Which is the longest muscle in the body? | sartorius |
| The function of the biceps femoris is to: | extend the thigh and flex the leg |
| The large muscle in the calf that has lateral and medial head is the: | gastrocnemius |
| Location of muscle: attached to bones (usually via tendons) or to subcutaneous layer. | skeletal muscle |
| Location of muscle: only in heart wall. | cardiac muscle |
| Location of muscle: walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels); in iris and cilary body of eye, and arrector pili in the integument. | smooth muscle |
| C.T. components: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. | skeletal muscle |
| C.T. components: endomysium . | cardiac muscle |
| C.T. components: endomysium only. | smooth muscle |
| Appearance and shape of cell: long cylindrical fibers; w/multiple peripheral nuclei; striated; t-tubules. | skeletal muscle |
| Appearance and shape of cell: medium-sized branching; cells w/1 or 2 centrally located nuclei; striated; t-tubules; intercalated discs. | cardiac muscle |
| Appearance and shape of cell: small, overlapping fusiform cells w/a single centrally located nucleus; nonstriated; caveolae. | smooth muscle |
| Regeneration capacity: limited. | skeletal muscle |
| Regeneration capacity: limited. | cardiac muscle |
| Regeneration capacity: extensive. | smooth muscle |
| Calcium source: well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. | skeletal muscle |
| Calcium source: sarcoplasmic reticulum not as well developed as in skeletal muscle; most from interstitial fluid. | cardiac muscle |
| Calcium source: sarcoplasmic reticulum not well developed; most from interstitial fluid. | smooth muscle |
| Contractile unit and Ca++ binding: sacromere; Ca++ binds to troponin. | skeletal muscle |
| Contractile unit and Ca++ binding: sacromere; Ca++ binds to troponin. | cardiac muscle |
| Contractile unit and Ca++ binding: no sacromeres; calcium binds calmodulin, not troponin. | smooth muscle |
| Stimulation: nervous control is voluntary; excitatory. | skeletal muscle |
| Stimulation: autorhythmic due to pacemaker w/in heart; spread by gap junctions; nervous control is involuntary; excitatory or inhibitory. | cardiac muscle |
| Stimulation: Multiunit smooth muscle: regulated by autonomic nervous system; excitatory or inhibitory; no gap junctions. Single-unit smooth muscle: autonomic nervous stimulation is through varicosities spread by gap junctions; other stimuli. | smooth muscle |
| Response and primary energy source: Slow oxidative (SO): slow, aerobic production of ATP. Fast oxidative (FO): rapid and powerful; aerobic production of ATP. Fast glycolytic (FG): anerarobic production of ATP. | skeletal muscle |
| Response and primary energy source: Slow: aerobic production of ATP. | cardiac muscle |
| Response and primary energy source: Very slow and long duration: aerobic production of ATP. | smooth muscle |
| Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma called __ or __ __, extend into the skeletal muscle fibers as a network of narrow membranous tubules. | t-tubules or transverse tubules |
| The cytoplasm of muscle fibers, contains typical cellular structures such as Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and vesicles. | sarcoplasm |
| Skeltal muscle from superficial to deep consists of: | skeletal muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, myofilaments |
| Three concentric layers of c.t.: | 1. each individual muscle fiber 2. each group of muscle fibers (fascicle) 3. each individual muscle (entire muscle) |
| Thin filaments have what proteins? | two strands of actin, tropomyosin, troponin |
| What protein does thick filaments have? | myosin (heads [crossbridges] and tails) |
| Functional contractile unit of muscle fiber (Z disc to Z disc). They line up and shorten with contraction. | sacromeres |
| A description of the repetitive movement of thin filaments sliding past thick filaments is called the __ __ __. | sliding filament theory |
| Striations, short and thick, 1 or 2 nuclei, y branches, intercalated discs, authorhythmic, aerobic, increase # of mitochondria, increase energy usage. | cardiac muscle |
| Short muscle fibers, fusiform shape, single nucleus, thin/thick filaments (not aligned), dense bodies, sustained contraction, resistant to fatigue, decrease ATP needs. | smooth muscle |
| Building up muscle (not creating cells; creating filaments), creating more "cross-bridges" and creating more myofilaments. | hypertrophy |
| Wasting away of muscle (disuse), myofilaments breaking down and cross-bridges decreasing in #, severe...adipose tissue infiltrates muscle. | atrophy |
| Fiber type: "white" appearance, decrease amounts of capillaries/myoglobin, fatigue quickly (sprinters). | fast (type IIb)-anaerobic |
| Fiber type: "red" appearance, increase amounts of capillaries/myoglobin, high resistance to fatigue (long distance runner). | slow (type I)-aerobic |
| Adductor magnus. | adducter (adducts body part) |
| Abductor pollicis longus. | Abductor (abducts body part) |
| Flexor carpi radialis. | flexor (flexes a joint) |
| Extensor hallucis longus. | extensor (extends a joint) |
| Orbicularis oris. | oris (mouth) |
| Semispinalis cervicis. | cervicis (neck) |
| Biceps brachii. | brachial (arm) |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris. | carpi (wrist) |
| Opponens pollicis. | pollicis (thumb) |
| Gluteus medius. | gluteal (buttocks) |
| Quadratus femoris. | femoris (thigh) |
| Extensor hallucis longus. | hallucis (great toe) |
| Tibialis anterior. | anterior (toward the front of the body) |
| Tibialis posterior; latissimus dorsi. | posterior or dorsal/dorsi (toward the back of the body) |
| Serratus posterior superior. | superior (closer to the head) |
| Serratus posterior inferior. | inferior (closer to the feet) |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis. | superficialis (superficial) |
| Flexor digitorum profundus. | profundus (deep) |
| Sternocleidomastoid. | sternum and clavicle (cleido) |
| Intercostal. | between the ribs |
| Subscapularis. | subscapular fossa |
| Fibularis longus. | fibula |
| Zygomaticus major. | zygomatic bone |
| Rectus abdominis. | rectus (straight) |
| External oblique. | oblique (angled) |
| Orbicularis oculi. | orbicularis (circular) |
| Deltoid. | deltoid (triangular) |
| Pronator quadratus. | quadratus (rectangular) |
| Trapezius. | Trapeziius (trapezoid) |
| Abductor pollicis longus. | longus (long) |
| Abductor pollicis brevis. | brevis (short) |
| Pectoralis major. | major (large of two muscles) |
| Pectoralis minor. | minor (smaller of two muscles) |
| Gluteus maximus. | maximus (largest) |
| Glutues medius. | medius (medium sized) |
| Gluteus minimus. | minimus (smallest) |
| Biceps femoris. | biceps (two heads) |
| Triceps brachii. | triceps (three heads) |
| Quadriceps femoris. | quadriceps (four heads) |
| At either end of individual sections of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are blind sacs called __ __ which are much like the hem of a sleeve. | terminal cisternae |
| An internal membrane complex that is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells. | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Cell wall in muscle cell. | sarcolemma |
| Cytoplasm in muscle cell. | sarcoplasma |
| Nerves that connect to a muscle. | motor nerve |
| Inside motor nerve = end to sarcolemma. | motor neuron |
Created by:
khinson