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Sociology Ch. 14
Politics and Government in Global Perspective
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups | Politics |
| The formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders | Government |
| The political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals | State |
| The area of sociology that examines the nature and consequences of power within or between societies, as well as the social and political conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power | Political Sociology |
| According to Max Weber, the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others | Power |
| Power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive | Authority |
| Power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom | Traditional Authority |
| Traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal | Ideal Types of Authority |
| Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers | Charismatic Authority |
| The process by which charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority | Routinization of Charisma |
| Power legitimized by law or written rules and procedures; also referred to as bureaucratic authority | Rational-Legal Authority |
| The continual interplay of race and gender | Racialized Patriarchy |
| A city whose power extended to adjacent areas | City-State |
| A political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance | Monarchy |
| A political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government | Authoritarianism |
| A political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives | Totalitarianism |
| A political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives | Democracy |
| A form of democracy whereby citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government | Representative Democracy |
| A unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations | Nation-State |
| Claim a hereditary right to rule or divine right to rule | Absolute Monarchs |
| The royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state while actual authority is head by elected officials in national parliaments | Constitutional Monarchies |
| Power is gained and held by a single individual | Dictatorship |
| Result when military officers seize power from the government | Military Juntas |
| Requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day | Participatory Democracy |
| An analysis of political systems that views power as widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups | Pluralist Model |
| Political coalitions composed of individuals or groups that share a specific interest that they wish to protect or advance with the help of the political system | Special Interest Groups |
| (PACs) organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates based on their stances on specific issues | Political Action Committees |
| People who are paid to influence legislation on behalf of specific clients | Lobbyists |
| A view of society that sees power in political systems as being concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites whereas the masses are relatively powerless | Elite Model |
| C. Wright Mills's term for the group made up of leaders at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military | Power Elite |
| The corporate rich, who constitute less than 1 percent of the U.S. population; used the Domhoff to signify a relatively fixed group of privileged people who wield power sufficient to constrain political processes and serve underlying capitalist interests | Ruling Class |
| An organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government | Political Party |
| Develops and articulates policy positions, educates voters about issues and simplifies the choices for them, and recruits candidates who agree with those policies, helps them win office, and holds them responsible for implementing the party's positions | Functions of Political Parties |
| The process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior | Political Socialization |
| Made up of top-tier civil service bureaucrats who have built a major power base | Permanent Government |
| The mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors | Military-Industrial Complex |
| Projects designed to bring jobs and public monies to the home state of members of Congress, for which they can then credit | Pork Barrel |
| A societal focus on military ideals and an aggressive preparedness for war | Militarism |
| The use of calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective | Terrorism |
| Organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions | War |
| Uses intimidation, coercion, threats of harm, and other violence that attempts to bring about a significant change in or overthrow an existing government | Political Terrorism |
| Private property, freedom of choice, freedom of competition, freedom from government interference | Features of Capitalism according to Smith |
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