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Sociology Ch. 18
Health, Health Care, and Disability
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being | Health |
| Any activity intended to improve health | Health Care |
| An institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness | Medicine |
| An estimate of the average lifetime of people born in a specific year | Life Expectancy |
| The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year | Infant Mortality Rate |
| The study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population | Social Epidemiology |
| Illnesses that are long term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth | Chronic Diseases |
| Illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death | Acute Diseases |
| Biological agents such as insects, bacteria, and viruses that carry or cause disease; nutrient agents such as fats and carbs; chemical agents such as gases and pollutants in the air; physical agents such as temp, humidity, and radiation | Disease Agents |
| Typically provide maximal resources to a small number of people | Emergency Medical Services |
| Designed to direct limited resources to a greater number of individuals | Disaster Medical Services |
| Any substance-other than food and water-that, when taken into the body, alters its functioning in some way | Drug |
| Patients are billed individually for each service they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses | Fee-for-Service |
| Companies that provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later | Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) |
| Any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients | Managed Care |
| A health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues | Universal Health Care |
| A health care system in which the government owns the medical care facilities and employs the physicians | Socialized Medicine |
| An approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person-body and mind-rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur | Holistic Medicine |
| The set of patterned expectations that defines the norms and values appropriate for individuals who are sick and for those who interact with them | Sick Role |
| Local physicians, local hospitals, and global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies that deliver health care today | Medical-Industrial Complex |
| The process where by nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders | Medicalization |
| The process whereby a problem ceases to be defined as an illness or a disorder | Demedicalization |
| Individuals who do not earn enough to afford private medical care but earn just enough money to keep them from qualifying for Medicaid | Medically Indigent |
| The practice of rapidly discharging patients form mental hospitals into the community | Deinstitutionalization |
| A condition that makes it difficult or impossible for a person to cope with everyday life | Mental Disorder |
| A condition in which a person has a severe mental disorder requiring extensive treatment with medication, psychotherapy, and sometimes hospitalization | Mental Illness |
| A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major activities that a person would normally do at a given stage of life and that may result in stigmatization or discrimination against the person with a disability | Disability |
| If society is to function as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society; sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society | Functionalist Perspective |
| Tends to emphasize the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system | Conflict Perspective |
| Focus on the fact that the meaning that social actors give their illness or disease will affect their self-concept and their relationships with others | Symbolic Interactionist Perspective |
| Argue that doctors and the medical establishment have gained control over illness and patients at least partly because of the physicians clinical gaze, which replaces all other systems of knowledge | Postmodernist Perspective |
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