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Anthropology Midterm

QuestionAnswer
Adaption trait that has been modified over time by natural selection and increases the bearers reproductive success- always has a cost
Allele One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
Allopatric Speciation Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is divided by some type of barrier (such as geographic bodies) and different parts of the species adapt to different environments
Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus devised the hierarchal order of speciation, in which species are grouped/separated by their similarities with other species
Chromosome A linear body in a cell nucleus that carries genes and appears during cell division
Cladistics Method of species classification; takes the form of a branching diagram
Genetic Drift The random change of allele frequencies in a population
Gene Flow The movement of genes from one population to another, or from one part of a population to another as a result of interbreeding
Genotype The combination of alleles that characterizes an individual at some genetic loci
Heterozygous Refers to a diploid organism who cells carry two different alleles for a particular genetic locus
Homology Traits that are the result of shared descent, i.e. all fish having fins because their ancestor had fins
Homoplasy Similar traits that evolved in separate lineages as a result of similar selective process, such as bat and insect wings
Monogamous Mating System A mating system where a male and female pair-bond. This behavior is the result of limited resources, when solitary females are spread out, and the male chooses one to be with due to the impracticality of ‘having’/securing multiple females
Polygamous Mating System A mating system where there is one male and multiple females. Women congregate/live in small groups, and men can ‘stake them out’; ‘having’/securing multiple females is possible
Polyandrous Mating System A mating system where there is one female and multiple males. One adult female shares a territory or home range with more than one adult male and offspring. The female monopolizes reproduction
Polygynandry A mating system in which males and females mate with more than one partner. Males will compete with each other in order to mate with females
Meiosis The process of cell division in which haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) are created. Each contains a pair of each chromosome
Mitosis The process of division of somatic (normal body) cells through which new diploid cells are created. Each gamete contains only one copy of each chromosome
Modes of Selection (Stabilization) A mode where individuals with extreme values of height (short and tall person, light skin and dark skin) have less reproductive success than those with average traits. Natural selection increases the frequency of individuals with average traits
Modes of Selection (Directional) when an individual with an extreme value of a trait have higher chances of reproductive success. For example, if tall individuals are more successful reproductively, than the tall individuals will come to dominate
Modes of Selection (Disruptive Selection) where individuals with extreme traits are more reproductively successful than those with average traits
Natural Selection The process that produces adaptations. It is based on three postulates; there are limited resources, organisms will have different survival capabilities, and that traits that affect those chances will be passed on to the offspring
Parapatric Speication Parapatric speciation holds that selection isn't sufficient to produce a new species, but new species can form if selection alone is not sufficient to produce a new species, but new species can form if selection is combined with partial genetic isolation
Primate Characteristics o Fore-teeth o Two pectoral teats o Feet, two of which are (grasping hands) hands o Nails o Intelligence/large brains o Long life o Long gestation period o Forward facing eyes o Clavicle (allows for rotation of shoulders/arms)
Primate Taxonomy Primates are divided into two groups: 1. Simians/anthropoids, which consists of greater and lesser apes and new/old world monkeys 2. Prosimians, which consist of tarsiers, lemurs, lorises, and galagos
Reproduction Goals In reproductive matters, males will seek mating opportunities and paternity certainty. Females seek access to resources, good genes, help with parenting, and protection of their children
Sexual Selection A type of natural selection in which traits are selected that increase an organisms ability to obtain a mate and/or copulate more efficiently. The selection may actually hinder a creature ability to survive, such as the case with the peacock
Sympatric Speciation Sympatric speciation contends that strong selection favoring different phenotypes lead to speciation even when there is no geographic separation
Life History The history of an organism’s birth, maturation, adulthood, and death. Organism’s with faster rates of growth will typically be less suited for survival than those who have slower rates, but will reproduce more quickly
Simians/Anthropoids/Haplorhines Consists of greater and lesser apes and new/old world monkeys. They branched off from strepsirhines roughly 90 million years ago
New World Monkeys Include marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, night monkeys, uakaries & sakis, howler monkeys, and spider & woolly monkeys. They have tails, and three pre-molars
Old World Monkeys Include macques, white-eyelid mangabeyes, mandrills, baboons, vervets & guenons, colobines, languars, and leaf monkeys. They do not have tails, and have two pre-molars
Prosimians/ Strepsirrhini Consist of lemurs, lorises, and galagos. They have post-orbital bars and no wall, tails, and three pre-molars
Tarsiers Part of the haporhines (wet noses), nocturnal, tiny, partial post-orbital wall, tails (which are ancestral traits
Unique Primate Traits Traits unique to primates (humans and non) are making and using tools, collective hunting, war, and enduring social bonds
Created by: 565081056
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