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Chapter 4
Pathophysiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathology | study of characteristics, causes, and effects of disease. also a condition produced by disease |
| Etiology | study of all factors that cause a disease. also cause of a disease |
| Nosocomial | pertaining to an infection acquired in a hospital or other medical care facitliy at least 72 hours after admission |
| Acute | characterized by suden onset and short duration, with marked intensity or sharpness. |
| Chronic | developing gradually and persisting for a long period, often for remainder of a person's lifetime. |
| Aplastic | lacking new development, or pertaining to the failure of a tissue to produce normal cell division |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size of individual cells or an organ, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. |
| Ischemia | inadequate oxygenated blood supply to an organ or tissue, often marked by pain and organ dysfunction. |
| Infarction | area of dead cells that results from a lack of oxygen. |
| Gangrene | area of necrotic (dead) tissue caused by an invasion of bacteria or loss of blood supply (ischemia). extremitites are most often affected. |
| Immunity | quality of being resistant to a disease, often because of presence of antibodies. |
| Immune system | includes two major components: nonspecific immune mechanisms and specific immune mechanisms. |
| Antigen | marker on surface of a cell that identifies the cell as self or nonself. nonself (foreign) antigen stimulates an immune response. |
| Innunodeficiency disorders | health condidtion caused by deficiency of immune system in which individuals are more susceptible to individuals are more susceptible to infections and chronic diseases. |
| Nonspecific defense mechanism | body's inital response to any threat, whether it be trauma, organisms, or chemicals. aka inflammation. characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and pain. |
| Phagocyte | cell that has the ability to ingest and destroy pathogens such as bacteria and protozoa, as well as cells, cell debris, and dust particles. |
| Macrophages | main phagocytic cells of the immune system. have ability to recognize and ingest all foreign antigens. |
| Kupffer cells | fixed macrophages of liver |
| Neutrophil | granular leukocyte that is responsible for much of body's protection against infection. Destroy antigens by phagocytosis, and they play vital role in inflammation and nonspecific immune response. |
| Interferons | antiviral, soluble glycoproteins produced by cells infected with viruses, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, and protozoa. |
| Specific Immune mechanisms | mechanisms required if the nonspecific immune response cannot cope iwth ithe invasion or injury to the body. |
| Cell-mediated immune response | immune response involving production of lymphocytes by the thymus in response to antigen exposure. |
| Humoral immune response | immune response involving production of plasma lymphocytes, leading to subsequent antibody formation. |
| Antibody | immunoglobulin produced by lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens, such as those on bacteria and viruses. |
| Autoantibody | antibody produced in response to self-antigen. attacks teh body's own cells. |
| Hypersensitivity | abnormal condition characterized by an exaggerated response of immune system to antigen. |
| Thymus | gland located in mediastinum. Site of maturation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. |
| Lymphatic tissue | tissue containing many lymphocytes that remove foreign matter. |
| Bone marrow | soft material that fills the cavity of the bones. source of stem cells and lymphocytes, and is site where B lymphocytes. |
| Hereditary diseases | disease caused by error in individual's gentic or chromosomal makeup. may or may not be apparent at birth |
| Congenital anomaly | abnormality present at birth, which may inherited or acquired during gestation. aka birth defect. |
| albinism | genetic condition resulting from lack of melanin pigment in body, increasing the chance of sunburn and skin cancer. |
| classic hemophilia | hereditary bledding disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factors. |
| color blindness | hereditary inability to distinguish between certain colors, generally red and green. more common in males |
| galactosemia | inherited disorder in which patient lacks enzyme that converts galactose to glucose. |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | hereditary congenital disease in which newborn child is unable to oxidize an amino acid beacuse of defective enzyme. |
| Sickle cell anemia | inherited disorder, primarily affects africans and african americans. RBC become crescent-shaped, rigid, sticky, and fragile and cause chronic anemia, tissue hypoxia, weakness, and fatigue |
| Tay-Sachs disease | fatal hereditary congenital disease, primarily affects people of Ashkenazic Jewish origin. enzyme deficiency cuases abnormal lipid metabolism in brain, leading to mental and physical retardation |
| Achondroplasia | congenital condition. defective cartilage formation in fetus. results in long bones of arm and legs ar short, trunk of body is normal in size, head is large. |
| Down syndrome | congential. caused by trisomy 21 (presence of an extra autosomal chromosome 21). results in varying degrees of mental retardation and distinctive physical features. |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | congenital endocrine condition. cuased by presence of extra X chromosome, individual appears to be male but has small testes and enlarged breasts. |
| Polydactyly | congenital anomaly. presence of extra fingers or toes |
| Turner's syndrome | congenital endocrine disorder, lack of second X chromosome in females. individual appears to be female, but the ovaries do not develop |
| Ventricular septal defect | most common congenital cardiac disease. defect in septum allows blood to be shunted between left and right ventricles |
| Coarctation of aorta | narrowing of aortic arch, creates increased left ventricular pressure and decreased blood pressure distal to narrowing. Signs include left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema, dyspnea, and tachycardia. |
| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | defect in which ductus arteriosus, fetal blood vessel, fails to close after birth. often results in heart failure |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | most common cyanotic cardiac defect. Four symptoms: ventricular septal defect, dextropostion of aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Cyanosis | bluish or grayish discoloration of skin due to decreased amounts of hemoglobin, which carrries oxygen, in blood. |
| Cerebral palsy | name given to group of motor impairment syndromes caused by lesions or anomalies in brain in early stages of development. Motor impairment generally occur with secondary defects such as mental retardation or epilepsy. |
| Spina bifida | incomplete closure of vertebral column. |
| Myelomeningocele | aka spina bifica cystica. congenital defect in walls of spinal canal that allows membranes of spinal cord to push through and forma tumor. usually occurs within first 24 hours after birth, surgical correction is necessary |
| Hydrocephalus | condition in which there is excessive fluid in or around the brain, abnormal enlargement of head, and abnormal muscle tone of legs. |
| Muscular dystrophy | progressive degeneration and weakening of skeletal muscles. |
| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy | most common type of muscular dystrophy, mostly affecting males and involving muscles of shoulders, hips, thighs. |
| Phimosis | narrowing of opening of foreskin |
| Congenital pyloric stenosis | narrowing of pyloric sphincter at exit of stomach. Symptom-projectile vomiting after feeding that starts 2-3 weeks of age. |
| hirschspring's disease | aka congenital aganglionic megacolong. Impairment of intestinal motility. causes obstruction of distal colon. nerborn fails to pass meconium (first feces) within 48 hours after birth. |
| Congenital myxedema | condition characterized by severe hypothyroidism and often associated with other endocrine abnormalities. signs: lack of growth, mental deficiency, puffy facil features, dry skin, large tongue |
| Neoplasia | new and abnormal growth of cells, may be benign or malignant |
| Neoplasm | literall; new growth, commonly called tumor |
| Hyperplasia | increase in number of cells in body part that results from increased rate of cellular division that can cause formation of a tumor. |
| Malignant | invasive and capable of metastsis |
| Benign | Not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant |
| Metastasis | development of tumor away from site of origin. when tumor cells spread to distant parts of body through lymphatic circulation or bloodstream and implant lymph nodes or other organs. |
| Anaplasia | reversion of cells to an immature form, such as which occurs in malignant tumor cells. |
| Dysplasia | Alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells. |
| Cancer | neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that invade surrounding tiddue and metastasize to distant body sites. |
| Carcinogen | substance or agent that causes cancer or increases incidence of cancer |
| Carcinoma | malignant tumor of epithelial cells. tends to infiltrate and metastasize through lymphatic system or bloodstream. |
| Sarcoma | malignant neoplasm of connective tissues, such as bone or muscle. type of cancer might affect the bones, bladder, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen |
| Teratoma | congenital tumor composed of different kinds of tissue, none of which normally occur together or at site of tumor. most common in ovaries or testes. |
| Leukemia | primary cancer of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors. |
| Lymphoma | caner of lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue that usually responds to treatment. Main kinds: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. |
| Renal carcinoma | cancer of kidneys, aka hypernephroma. |
| Prostate cancer | slowly progressive adenocarcinoma of prostate that affects males after ag of 50. Second leading cause of cancer death among men in US. |
| Bladder cancer | most common cancer of urinary tract, occurs more in men than women. |
| Cancer of the mouth | malignancy that may develop in gums, in cheeks, or on roof of the mouth. |
| Colorectal cancer | malignancy of large intestine, characterized by change in bowel habits and passing of blood. |
| Laryngeal cancer | cancer of larynx that occurs most frequently in those between 50-70 yrs. Symptoms: persistent hoarseness or dysphonia. |
| Lung cancer | pulmonary malignancy attributable in majority of cases to cigarette smoking. Predisposing factors : exposure to arsenic, asbestos, coal products, ionizing radiation, mustard gas, petroleum. |
| Cervical cancer | malignancy of uterine cervix. |
| Endometrial cancer | adenocarcinoma of endometrium of uterus. most prevalent malignancy of female reproductive system. |
| Ovarian carcinoma | malignant neoplasm of ovaries. |
| Breast cancer | most common cancer in North American women and leading cause of death in females 35-54 years of age. |
| Testicular cancer | malignant neoplastic disease of tetis. |
| Influenza | acute respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, heache, muscle pain or tenderness. Symptoms: nasal mucous membrane, cough, and sore throat) |
| Mumps (parotitis) | inflammation of one or both parotid glands caused by viral infection, incubation period of 2-3 weeks. |
| Chickenpox (varicella) | highly contagious, acute viral infection characterized by spots and elevated temperature. Incubation period is 2-3 weeks. ( |
| Measles (rubeola) | acute, highly contagious viral disease. Incubation 7-14 days. (spots and a rash) |
| German measles (rubella) | highly communicable viral disease that has incubation period of 14-21 days. (spots) |
| Meningitis | any infection or inflammation of membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. |
| Infectious mononucleosis | acute infectious disease that causes changes in leukocytes. aka glandular fever and "kissing disease". caused by epstein-Barr virus and is usually transmitted by direct oral contact. |
| Epiglottitis | inflammation of epiglottis that commonly occurs in children between 3-7 yr. of age. |
| Genital lesion | symptom that usually accompanies a sexually transmitted disease such as herpes or syphilis. Found in genital region of either males or females. |
| Botulism | severe form of food poisoning from botulinus toxins. |
| Gastroenteritis | Stomach and intestinal inflammation caused by food or waterborne virus |
| Tetanus | infection of central nervous system caused by tetanus becillus. Symptoms: sudden, painful muscle contractions and stiffness of certain muscles such as neck and jaw. aka lockjaw |
| Tapeworm | species of parasitic worm that can infect intestines when ingested with uncooked meat containing larvae. |
| Ringworm | fungal infection of skin characterized by patches of rough, reddened skin; more common in males than females. caused by fungi known as Tinea. |
| Viral infections of the skin | include chickenpox and shingles (varicella), measles (rubeola), german measles (rubella), warts (condyloma acuminata) |
| Bacterial infections of skin | include scarlet fever (erysipelas), impetigo (type of pyoderma), folliculitis (carbuncles), and anthrax (woolsorter's disease) |
| Fungal infections of skin | include ringworm (tinea), dermatophystosis, and dermatomycosis. |
| Shingles | reactivation in adults of varicella (chickenpox)provirus, heres zoster, mared by inflammation of segments of spinal or cranial peripheral nerves and painful eruption along course of nerve. |
| Scarlet fever | contagious disease characterized by sore throat, strawberry tongue, fever, rash, and rapid pulse. |
| Wart | elevation of skin on rough surface, caused by local virus. |
| Impetigo | type of pyoderma with symptoms that include skin lesions, caused by staphylococus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes or both. incubation 4-10 days |
| Carbuncle | circumscribed inflammation of skin and deeper tissues that begins with painful node covered by tight, red skin that later becomes thin and perforates, discharging pus. |
| Seborrheic dermatitis | skin disease that is most commonly found on scalp of infants. aka cradle cap |
| tinea | fungal skin disease aka cutaneous mycoses or ringworm |
| Tinea corporis | fungal infection of trunk of human body |
| Tinea capitis | fungal infection of scalp |
| Tinea cruris | fungal infection of groin. aka jock itch |
| Tinea pedis | athlete's foot |
| Dermatophytosis | fungal infection of skin of hands and feet, especially between toes |
| Dermatomycosis | skin infection caused by certain fungi |
| Acne | inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair folicles of skin |
| Eczema | acute or chronic inflammation of skin |
| Psoriasis | chronic disease of skin that forms lesions |
| Vitiligo | skin condition characterized by patches that lack pigmentation surrounded by normally pigmented skin |
| Wheal | small, swollen skin lesion. usually from insect bite, reaction to medication, or allergen. aka welt |
| Atrophy | decrease in size of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass. |
| Crepitation | grating sound made by movement of some joints or broken bones |
| Exostosis | projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage. |
| Myalgia | muscle pain |
| Herniate disk | protrusion of degenerate or fragmented intervertebral disk that causes compression of nerve root. |
| Arthritis | inflammation of joints characterized by swelling redness, warmth, pain, and limited movement. |
| Osteoarthritis | most common form of arthritiss, affecting weight-bearing joints |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | most crippling form of arthritis, characterized by chronic systemic inflammation of joints and synovial membranes |
| Gout | hereditary metablic form of acute arthritis |
| Tendinitis or tendonitis | inflammation of tendon |
| Scoliosis | abnormal sideways curvatur of spine |
| Kyphosis | abnormal outward curvature of spine. aka humpback |
| Lordosis | abnormal inward curvature of spine. aka swayback |
| Fracture | break or crack in bone |
| Fibromyalgia | chronic pain, primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons |
| Myasthenia gravis | conditioon which affected persons experience muscle weakness. |
| Bursitis | inflammation of bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons). most commonly in elbow, knee, shoulder, hip |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | occurs when median nerve in wrist is excessively compressed. |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | disease characterized by decreased amounts of collagen in bones, leading to very fragile bones. commonly called brittle-bone disease. |
| Osteoporosis | condition which bones become thinned over time |
| Paget's disease | disease that causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak. |
| Dysphasia | difficulty in speaking |
| Delirium | state of mental confusion due to disturbances in mental function |
| Dementia | impairment of intellectual function characterized by disorientation, confusion, and memory loss |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of brian, caused by viral infection. |
| Sleeping sickness | type of encephalitis characterized by lethargy, oculomotor paralysis, delirium, stupor, coma, and reversal of sleep rhythm |
| Rabie | infectious, acute, fatal disease of brain and spinal cord. Caused by an RNA virus that is transmitted by saliva of an infected animal, often through a bite. |
| Mutliple sclerosis (MS) | chronic, progressive inflmmatory disease of unknown origin that usually affects young adults between ages of 20-40. Symptoms: changes in vision and muscle weakness. |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | aka Lou Gehrig's disease, chronic, terminal neurological disease that cuases progressive muscular atrophy. unknown cause |
| Alzheimer's disease | diffuse cortical atrophy of brain characterized by confusion, memory failure, disorientation, and hallucination. |
| Parkiinson's disease | brain degeneration that appears gradually and progresses slowly. aka shaking palsy. Signs: slowness of movement, resting tremor, rigidity. |
| Cerebral hemorrhage | hemorrhage in epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid spaces in meninges. major cause is hypertension |
| Concussion | immediate loss of consciousness caused by violent blow to head or neck. |
| Contusion | bruising of brain, more serious head injury than concussion. Permanent damage to brain may result. commonly associated with skull fracture. |
| Paraplegia | paralysis of motor or sensory abilities of lower trunk and lower extremities. |
| Quadriplegia | paralysis of lower and upper extremities (arms, legs, trunk) that results from injury to spinal cord at fifth, sixth, or seventh cervical vertebra. major cause of death is respiratory failure. |
| hemiplegia | paralysis on one side of body |
| Epilepsy | chronic brain disorder charcterized by sudden and recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures. |
| Bell's Palsy | paralysis of facial nerve that results from trauma to nerve, compression of nerve by a tumor, or unknown infection. |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | aka tic douloureux, involves pain in fifth cranial nerve. |
| Migraine | type of periodic headache, which may or may not be accompanied by aura or neurological dysfunction. Pain usually confined to one side, can be bilateral |
| Arteriosclerosis | diesease of arterial vessels characterized by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in arteries. |
| Atherosclerosis | most common form, marked by cholesterol, lipid, and calcium deposits in arterial linings. |
| Angina pectoris | paroxysmal chest pain caused by temporary oxygen insufficiency as result of atherosclerosis, spasms of coronary arteries, or thrombosis |
| Myocardial infarction | Necrosis of myocardium, ofthen resulting from occlusion of coronary artery by atherosclerotic plaque, myocardium spasm, or thrombus (heart attack) |
| Congestive heart failure | slowly developing condition in which heart weakens over time. in time, heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet body's needs. |
| Coronary thrombosis | blood clot in coronary arter, most c ommon cause of myocardical infarction |
| Myocarditis | Inflammation of myocardium. caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protozoa |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of inner lining and valves of heart due to an invasion of microorgaisms or an abnormal immunological reaction. |
| Acute endocarditis | inflammation of lining and valves of heart caused by STaphylococcus aureus and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci |
| Subacute endocarditis | inflammation of lining and valves of heart commonly caused by Escherichia coli or Streptococcus viridans |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of pericardum. causes: myocardial infarction, viral uremia, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or rheumatic fever. |
| Rheumatic fever | systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease involving heart and joints. |
| Acute rheumatic fever | Rheaumatic fever caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci and characterized by poly-arthritis, erythema, subcutaneous nodules, chorea, and carditis. most common in children |
| Rheumatic heart disease | disease that causes stenosis or insufficiency of mitral valve |
| Cardiac tamponade | accumulation of fluid, such as blood, in pericardial sac. |
| Cardiogenic shock | shock resulting from extensive myocardial infarction |
| Aneurysm | dilation or saclike formation in weakend blood vessel wall. most common: abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| Thrombophlebitis | aka phlebitis. inflammation of vein, often accompanied by formation of a clot. most commonly in lower legs. |
| Varicose vein | enlarged, twisted superficial vein, usually in lower leg, caused by incompetent valves. very common, especially in women. |
| Buerger's disease (thromboangitis obliterans) | an occlusion and inflammation of peripheral vascular circulation, usually in leg or foot. |
| Raynaud's disease | episodic vasospasm of small cutaneous arteries, usually occurring in fingers. aggravated by cold temps. |
| Iron-deficiency anemia | most common type of anema. results from greater demand on stored iron than can be supplied. RBC count may be normal, but insufficient hemoglobin |
| Pernicious anemia | chronic anemia caused by decreased hydrochloric acid in stomach, lack of intrinsic factor, and vitamin B12 deficiency. |
| Aplastic anemia | congenital form of anemia, aka Fanconi syndrome. bone marrow stops producing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. caused by exposure to excessive radiation, certain drugs, and industrial toxins. |
| Sickle cell anemia | abnormal hemoglobin cuases RBCs to change to a sickle (crescent) shape. get stuck in capillaries |
| Polycythemia | increase in number of circulating erythrocytes and amount of hemoglobin. |
| Agranulocytosis | aka neutropenia. number of leukocytes is very low |
| Lymphedema | abnormal collection of lymph, commonly in extremities. |
| Lyme disease | tickborne disease characterized by skin lesions, malaise, fatigue, arthritis, carditis, encephalitis, meningitis, loss of memory, numbness, and facial palsy. Incubation after bit 3-33 days |
| Hemolysis | destruction of RBC |
| TOcoplasmosis | systemic protozoan disease that results in fever, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis, pneumonia, rashes, myocarditis, and death. |
| Pharyngitis | inflammation of pharynx most often caused by viral infection |
| Epiglottitis | acute infection usually caused by bacterial organism. |
| Anosmia | loss or impairment of sense of smell. Nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis are most common cause. |
| Rhinitis | inflammation of nasal mucosa, causing nasal congestion, sneezing and itching of nose |
| Allergic rhinitis | hay fever |
| Bronchiectasis | chronic dilation and distention of bronchial walls. irreversible. |
| Atelectasis | collapsed or airless state of lung, resulting in hypoxia. |
| Pneumonia | inflammation of lungs caused by viral or bacterial infection. |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | group of common chronic respiratory disorders. progressive tissue loss and obstruction in airways of lungs. includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
| Emphysema | chronic pulmonary disease. abnormal increase in size of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole, with destructive changes in their walls. increased levels of carbon dioxide and decreased levels of oxygen. |
| Asthma | respiratoy disorder. recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration and inpiration caused by constiction of bronchi, coughing, viscous mucoid bronchial secretions. |
| Cystic fibrosis | inherited autosomal-recessive disorder of exocrine glads. causes production of abnormally thick secretions of mucus, elevation of sweat electrolytes, and increase in enzymes of saliva. |
| Hemoptysis | coughing and spitting up of blood from respiratory tract. |
| Legionnaire's disease | type of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila. |
| Histoplasmosis | type of pneumonia that may become a systemic disease. caused by inhalation of dust containing spores of Histoplasma capsulatum, fungus commonly found in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. |
| Anthracosis | lung disease caused by inhalation of coal dust. aka coal-miner's lung or black lung |
| Asbestosis | form of pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to asbestos. most common type of dust disease. |
| Silicosis | long-term inhalation of dust of an inorganic compoud, silicon dioxide, foudn in sands, quartzes, and lfints. aka gridner's disease |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of pleural membranes |
| Pneumothorax | entrance of air gas into pleural space, resulting in collapsed lung. |
| Hemothorax | blood in pleural cavity caused by trauma to or erosion of pulmonary vessel. It can also cause the lung to collapse. |
| Pulmonary edema | condition wherin fluid collects in alveoli and interstitial area. accumulation of fluid reduces amount of oxygen diffusing into blood and interferes with lung expansion. |
| Pulmonary embolus | blood clot or mass of other material that obstructs pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This block the flow of blood through the lung tissue. |
| Flail chest | loss of stability in chest wall, due to multipe fracture of each affected rib, that produces characterstic movement pattern during respiration |
| Diphtheria | potentially fatal childhood disease. begins with sore throat and affects mucous membranes of respiratory tract. |
| Tuberculosis | infectious disease. transmieed through inhalation of airborne droplets, prolonged direct contact with infected individuals, consumption of contaminated milk, or contact with infected cattle. incubation 4-12 weeks |
| Whooping cough | aka pertussis. infectious disease. gram-negative, encapsulated coccobacillus. produces both an endotoxin and exotoxin. |
| Aspiration | passage of food or fluid, vomitus, drugs, or toher foreign materials into trachea and lungs. |
| Gingivitis | inflammation and swelling of gums, often result of poor oral hygiene |
| Flail chest | loss of stability in chest wall, due to multipe fracture of each affected rib, that produces characterstic movement pattern during respiration |
| Diphtheria | potentially fatal childhood disease. begins with sore throat and affects mucous membranes of respiratory tract. |
| Tuberculosis | infectious disease. transmieed through inhalation of airborne droplets, prolonged direct contact with infected individuals, consumption of contaminated milk, or contact with infected cattle. incubation 4-12 weeks |
| Whooping cough | aka pertussis. infectious disease. gram-negative, encapsulated coccobacillus. produces both an endotoxin and exotoxin. |
| Whooping cough | aka pertussis. infectious disease. gram-negative, encapsulated coccobacillus. produces both an endotoxin and exotoxin. |
| Gingivitis | inflammation and swelling of gums, often result of poor oral hygiene |
| Peptic ulcers | ulcers of stomach or duodenum. aka gastric ulcers. acute or chronic. |
| Aspiration | passage of food or fluid, vomitus, drugs, or toher foreign materials into trachea and lungs. |
| Regional enteritis (Crohn's disease) | chronic, inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin that affects ileum or colon. |
| Oral leukoplakia | precancerous disease that results in thickening and ahrdening of part of mucous membranes in mouth. more common in elderly individuals |
| Gingivitis | inflammation and swelling of gums, often result of poor oral hygiene |
| Intussusception | prolaps of one segment of intestine into lumen of another segment, causing intestinal obstruction. |
| Oral leukoplakia | precancerous disease that results in thickening and ahrdening of part of mucous membranes in mouth. more common in elderly individuals |
| Esophagitis | inflammation of mucosal lining of esophagus. most common cause is backflow of gastric juice from stomach |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | characterized by return of stomach contents into esophagus, causing a burning sensation or hearburn. |
| Diverticula | abnormal pockets in gastrointestinal tract |
| Esophagitis | inflammation of mucosal lining of esophagus. most common cause is backflow of gastric juice from stomach |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | characterized by return of stomach contents into esophagus, causing a burning sensation or hearburn. |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation and perforation of diverticula. causes fever, pain, tenderness, and rigidity of abdomen over area of intestine involved. |
| Gastritis | inflammation of lining of stomach, caused by aspirin; excessive coffee, tobacco, or alcohol intake; or infection. acute or chronic |
| Peptic ulcers | ulcers of stomach or duodenum. aka gastric ulcers. acute or chronic. |
| Intussusception | prolaps of one segment of intestine into lumen of another segment, causing intestinal obstruction. |
| Regional enteritis (Crohn's disease) | chronic, inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin that affects ileum or colon. |
| Volvulus | torsion of loop of intestine, causing intestinal obstruction with or without strangulation. occurs most often in ileum, cecum, or sigmoid colon in infants and some elderly adults. |
| Ulcerative colitis | chronic, inflammatory and ulcerative disease arising in clonic mucosa, characterized most often by bloody diarrhea. |
| Diverticula | abnormal pockets in gastrointestinal tract |
| Intussusception | prolaps of one segment of intestine into lumen of another segment, causing intestinal obstruction. |
| Diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in colon. no inflammation. Symptoms: bloated sensation, episodes of pain in lower abdomen, changes in bowel habits, such as constipation and diarrhea. may lead to diverticulitis |
| Volvulus | torsion of loop of intestine, causing intestinal obstruction with or without strangulation. occurs most often in ileum, cecum, or sigmoid colon in infants and some elderly adults. |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation and perforation of diverticula. causes fever, pain, tenderness, and rigidity of abdomen over area of intestine involved. |
| Diverticula | abnormal pockets in gastrointestinal tract |
| Viral gastrointestinal infection | aka 24-hour flu, slef-limiting viral infection of lining in gastrointestinal tract that is caused by different types of viruses. |
| Diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in colon. no inflammation. Symptoms: bloated sensation, episodes of pain in lower abdomen, changes in bowel habits, such as constipation and diarrhea. may lead to diverticulitis |
| Enteritis | inflammation of intestine, particularly the small intestine |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation and perforation of diverticula. causes fever, pain, tenderness, and rigidity of abdomen over area of intestine involved. |
| Food Poisoning | illness resulting from ingestion of foods containing poisonous substances. symptoms: nausea, cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea |
| Viral gastrointestinal infection | aka 24-hour flu, slef-limiting viral infection of lining in gastrointestinal tract that is caused by different types of viruses. |
| Enteric fevers | systemic infections,. caused by pathogens that enter gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed through intestinal mucosa into bloodstream. |
| Enteritis | inflammation of intestine, particularly the small intestine |
| Cholera | cute enteric diarrheal disease marked by loose stools and copious amounts of mucous fluid resembling rice water. |
| Food Poisoning | illness resulting from ingestion of foods containing poisonous substances. symptoms: nausea, cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea |
| Giardiasis | aka traveler's diarrhea, infectio of small intestine caused by Giardia Lamblia, flagellate protozoon that produces cysts. |
| Enteric fevers | systemic infections,. caused by pathogens that enter gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed through intestinal mucosa into bloodstream. |
| Appendicitis | inflammation of appendix |
| Cholera | cute enteric diarrheal disease marked by loose stools and copious amounts of mucous fluid resembling rice water. |
| Hepatitis | infectious inflammation of liver. cause: either type A or type B hepatitis virus |
| Giardiasis | aka traveler's diarrhea, infectio of small intestine caused by Giardia Lamblia, flagellate protozoon that produces cysts. |
| Hernia | protrusion of part from its normal location |
| Appendicitis | inflammation of appendix |
| Hypglycemia | low blood sugar |
| Hepatitis | infectious inflammation of liver. cause: either type A or type B hepatitis virus |
| Hyperflycemia | high blood sugar |
| Hernia | protrusion of part from its normal location |
| Ketosis | accumulation of ketone bodies in blood and urine as result of abnormal utilization of carbs. |
| Hypglycemia | low blood sugar |
| Gigantism | excessive size and stature of body, usually caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone. |
| Hyperflycemia | high blood sugar |
| Acromegaly | disease caused by excess of growth hormone in adult. bones of hands, feet, and face can be enlarged. generally due to tumor |
| Ketosis | accumulation of ketone bodies in blood and urine as result of abnormal utilization of carbs. |
| Dwarfism | growth hormone deficiency that results in abnormal underdevelopment of body, or hypopituitarism, mainly in children. causes extremem shortness of stature. |
| Gigantism | excessive size and stature of body, usually caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone. |
| Hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of thryoid gland, resulting in protrusion of eyeballs, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor |
| Acromegaly | disease caused by excess of growth hormone in adult. bones of hands, feet, and face can be enlarged. generally due to tumor |
| Hypothyroidism | Hyposecretion of thryoid gland resulting in sluggishness, slow pulse, and obesity. |
| Cushing's syndrome | hyperactivity of adrenal cortical gland that develops from excess of glucocorticoid hormone. symptoms: fatigue, weakness, fat deposits in scapular area, protruding abdomen, hypertension, edema, hyperlipidemia |
| Dwarfism | growth hormone deficiency that results in abnormal underdevelopment of body, or hypopituitarism, mainly in children. causes extremem shortness of stature. |
| Addison's disease | life-threatening. resulting from chronic hypoadrenalism. symptoms: weakness, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, weight loss, among many other. |
| Hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of thryoid gland, resulting in protrusion of eyeballs, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor |
| Graves' disease | condition of severe hyperthyroidism, possible with autoimmune base. |
| Hypothyroidism | Hyposecretion of thryoid gland resulting in sluggishness, slow pulse, and obesity. |
| Thyrotoxicosis | toxic condition caused by hyperactivity of thyroid gland and characterized by rapid heartbeat, tremors, nervous systoms, and weight loss. |
| Goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland, possibly due to lack of iodine in diet, thyroiditis, inflammation from infection, tumors, or hyperfunction or hypofunction of thyroid gland. |
| Hashimoto's disease | inflammatory autoimmune disease that attacks thyroid gland. |
| Graves' disease | condition of severe hyperthyroidism, possible with autoimmune base. |
| Myxedema | acquired form of severe hypothyroidism. more common in females and occurs in adulthood. |
| Thyrotoxicosis | toxic condition caused by hyperactivity of thyroid gland and characterized by rapid heartbeat, tremors, nervous systoms, and weight loss. |
| Cushing's syndrome | hyperactivity of adrenal cortical gland that develops from excess of glucocorticoid hormone. symptoms: fatigue, weakness, fat deposits in scapular area, protruding abdomen, hypertension, edema, hyperlipidemia |
| Hashimoto's disease | inflammatory autoimmune disease that attacks thyroid gland. |
| Myxedema | acquired form of severe hypothyroidism. more common in females and occurs in adulthood. |
| Cushing's syndrome | hyperactivity of adrenal cortical gland that develops from excess of glucocorticoid hormone. symptoms: fatigue, weakness, fat deposits in scapular area, protruding abdomen, hypertension, edema, hyperlipidemia |
| Addison's disease | life-threatening. resulting from chronic hypoadrenalism. symptoms: weakness, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, weight loss, among many other. |
| Addison's disease | life-threatening. resulting from chronic hypoadrenalism. symptoms: weakness, nausea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, weight loss, among many other. |
| Diabetes insipidus | metabolic disorder caused by injury to neurohypphyseal system. results from antidiuretic hormone deficiency |
| Diabetes mellitus | metabolic disorder caused by injury to neurohypphyseal system. results from antidiuretic hormone deficiency |
| Gestational diabetes | type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and often resolves after birth of baby |
| Hyperinsulinism | condition resulting from excessive unsulin in blood, causing hypoglycemia, fainting, convulsions. |
| Myopia | severe form of nearsightedness, resuls when light rays entering eye focus in fron of retina. occurs when eyeball is abnormally long |
| Hyperopia | severe form of farsightedness occurs when light rays entering eye focus behind retina. eyebal is abnormally short |
| Presbyopia | inability to focus with lens beacuse of loss of its elasticity. |
| Nystagmus | involuntqary, rhythmic movement of eyes. |
| Astigmatism | irregular focusing of light rays entering eye. cornea is not spherical, vision typically blurred |
| Strabismus | disorder in which visual axes of eyes are not directed at same point. eyes are crossed, main symptom is diplopia |
| Conjuctivitis | inflammation of conjunctiva cuased by bacterial or viral infection, allergy, environmental factors. Red eyes, thick discharge, sticky eyelids in morning. |
| Hordeolum | aka stye, infection of hair follicles of eyelids. |
| Cataract | clouding of normally clear lens of eye. |
| Glaucoma | one of most common and severe ocular diseases, characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which can result in damage to optic nerve. |
| Retinal detachment | elevation of retina from choroid. extremely nearsighted people are more susceptible to retinal detachments. |
| Uveitis | Inflammation of uveal tract, including iris, ciliary body, choroid. |
| Otalgia | earache |
| External otitis | aka swimmer's ear, infection of ear canal |
| Tympanitis | inflammation of eardrum |
| Conductive hearing loss | loss of hearing caused by an interruption in transmission of sound waves to inner ear. |
| Sensorincural hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to inner ear, to the nerve from ear to brain, or to brain itself, so that the brain does no perceive sound waves as sound. |
| Anacusis | total hearing loss |
| Tinnitus | ringing or buzzing in the ear |
| Vertigo | dizziness |
| Dysturia | painful urination |
| Enuresis | Involuntary dishcarge of urine, most often due to lack of bladder control |
| Incontince | involuntary dishcarge of urine, feces or semen |
| Urethritis | inflammation of urethra |
| Cystitis | inflammation of urinary bladder. more commen in women |
| urinary tract infection (UTI) | bacteria or other organisms in urethra and bladder, causing dysuria and malaise |
| Renal failure | acute cases a sudden and severe reduction in renal function. Causes include complications from surgery, shock after an incompaticle blood transfusion, sever dehydration, and trauma or kidney disease. results in uremia |
| Glomerulonephritis | inflammation of glomerulus in kidney. acute, chronic, and subacute |
| Acute glomerulonephritis | primarily affects children and yound adults, marked by protein and blood in urine edema with no pus formation. type of allergic disease caused by an antigen-antibody reaction |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | slowly progressive, noninfectious disease that may result in irreversible renal damage and renal failure. Uremia common with this condition |
| Nephrotic syndrome | referred to as protein-losing kidney, condition characterized by protein in urine, hypoalbuminemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia |
| Pyelonephritis | diffuse pyogenic infection of renal pelvis. commonly caused by infection, calculi, pregnancy, tumors, or benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| Hydronephrosis | Distention of pelvis and calyces of kidney by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction inureter. |
| Polycystic renal disease | congenital anomaly that affects children and adults and results in kidney failure due to presence of multiple cysts in kidney tubules. |
| Renal calculus | kidney stone. deposit that can block urine flow in ureter, resulting in renal colic with chills, fever, hematuria, and frequent need to urinate. |
| Prostate Cancer | second most common cancer in men. referred to as "silent killer". it lacks symptoms until disease is late in its progression. |
| Gonorrhea | contagious inflammation of genital mucous membrane of both sexes caused by gram negative gonococcus bacterium. may affect heart, rectum, andjoints. |
| Genital warts | infection caused by any of a group of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). In women, may be associated with cancer of cervix. |
| Chlamydial infection | most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in US. leading cause of pelvid inflammatory disease in women. sometimes called silent STD because symptoms may be very mild. |
| Syphilis | one of most serious sexually transmitted diseases. causative organism is spirochete. |
| Genital herpes | very painful, recurring, incurable viral disease that involves mucous membranes of genital tracts. |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virs, transferable by direct sexual conatc, by contaminated intravenous needles and syringes, and by blood transfusion with contaminated blood or other blood products. |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrom, ultimate result of infection with HIV. fatal dissease of immune system. |
| Pelvis inflammatory disease | inflammation and serious infection of organs in pelvic cavity, including fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium. can occura fter miscarriage, childbirth, or abortion. |
| Vaginitis | inflammation and/or infection of vaginal tissues. |
| Toxic shock syndrome | acute, system infection with exotoxin-producing strains of staphyloccus aureeus. associated with menstruating females who use tampons |
| menopause | cessation of mentrual periods. |
| Cervical cancer | malignancy of uterine cervix. |
| Ovarian cancer | malignancy that accounts for more deaths than any other gynecological malignancy. |
| Endometrial cancer | malignancy of lining of uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as result of hormonal stimulation. most common gynecological cancer |
| Hydatidiform moles | tumors of uterine lining, most are benign, develop after pregnancy or in assoc. with abnormal pregnancy. tumors consist of multiple cyst that resemble a bunch of grapes. |
| Fibroadenoma | most common benign tumor of breast. single, movable nodule that occurs at any age. painful at time of menstrual period. |
| Amenorrhea | absence of onset of menstruation at puberty or cessation or interruption of menstruation in adulthood |
| Menorrhagia | excessive uterine bleeding that occurs between menstrual periods. causes include uterine tumors, pelvic inflammatory diseasee, and abnormal conditions of pregnancy. |
| Metrorrhagia | Uterine bleeding at any time other than during menstruation |
| Endometriosos | Proliferation of endometrial tissue outside of uterus. |
| Ectopic pregnancy | implantation of fertilized ovum outside of uterus, comonly in fallopiab tubes, rather than inside wall of uterus. aka extrauterine pregnancy |
| Miscarriage | spontaneous abortion, commonly as result of genetic abnormality |
| Preeclampsia | pathological condition of late preganancy characterized by edema, protein in urine, hypertension. aka first phase of toxemia of pregnancy. |
| Eclampsia | Toxemis of pregnancy resulting in convulsions and coma. potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by sever hypertension, edema, and protein in urine. |
| Placenta previa | implantation of placenta in lower uterine segment on internal cervial os, which causes painless bleeding |
| Abruptio placentae | separation of placenta from uterine wall too early during pregnancy. life-threatening emergency that must be treated by emergent cesearean section. |
| Orchitis | infection of testis caused by viral or bacterial infection or injury. may affect one or both testes, causing swelling, tenderness, and acute pain. |
| Prostatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of prostate gland. more common in men older than 50. cause of inflammation of prostate is usually infection but is not always known. |
| Impotence | failure to initiate or maintain an erection until ejaculation |
| Benign prosatic hyperplasia | enlargement of prostate gland. usually progresses to point of causing compression of urethra with urinary obstruction. |
| Testicular cancer | malignancy of testicle that is one of the most curable solid neoplasms. nearly all are germ cell tumors. |
| Cryptorchidism | failure of testes to descend into scrotum from abdominal cavity. Undescended testes atrophy and may become potential site of cancer |
| Collic | abdominal distress of unknown cause in newborns or young infants |
| Reye's syndrome | combination of encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of internal organs that may follow acute viral infections. |
| Sudden infant death syndrom (SIDS) | aka crib death. syndrome that occurs in infants younger than 1 year of age. death occurs within seconds during sleep. several risk factors: somach sleeping, soft mattress, loose bed vcovers, room temperature too warm, and low birth weight. |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | type of hemolytic anemia in newborns that results form maternal fetal blood group incompatibility, specifically involving the Rh factor and ABO blood groups. Symptoms: anemia, jaundice, kernicterus, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. sometimes called hydrops |
| Wilms' tumor | aka nephroblastoma, highly malignant neoplasm of kidney that affects children younger than 5 years. most common kidney tumor of childhood. |
| Chronic glomerulophritis and renal failure may both result in | Uremia |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of brain |
| Condition caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty | gigantism |
| Called silent STD | Chlamydial infection |
| Cancer in following site is leading cause of cancer death in males | Colon |
| Chronic dilation and distention of bronchial walls | bronchiectasis |
| Failure of testes to descend into scrotum from abdominal cavity | Cryptorchidism |
| Condition which may result in lack of melanin pigment in body | Albinism |
| Acute glomerulonephritis is marked by | Edema, hematuria, protein in urine, blood in urine |
| most common cyanotic cardic defect | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Most common disease or condition of urinary system | Pyelonephritis |
| Diabetes insipidus results from lack or deficiency of | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Diverticulosis occurs particularly in the | Colon |
| Vitiligo is a condition that affects wich body system | Integumenatary |
| Causative factors for pernicious anemia | Folic acid deficiency |
| Failure of bone marrow to produce erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets | Aplastic enemia |
| Tetanus is commonly called | lockjaw |
| Parkinson's symptoms include | Tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement |
| Common fractures of the bone in children | Greenstick |
| Nephrotic syndrome symptoms include | Hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, hypertension |
| Absence of onset of mentruation at puberty is called | amenorrhea |
| Undescended testes may become the potential site of | cancer |
| Inflammation of inner lining and valves of heart | Endocarditis |
| Prolapse of one section of intestine into lumen of another segment, causing intestinal blockage | Intussusception |
| Episodic vasospasm of small cutaneous arteries, usually located in finger | Raynaud's disease |
Created by:
walton33