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AP gov. chap 4
| Question | Answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| civil liberties | the legal constitutional protections against government. Although our civil liberties are formally set down in the Bill of Rights, the courts, policies, and legislatures define their meaning. | ||
| establishment clause | part of the first amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" | ||
| exclusionary rule | Requirement that evidence unconstitutionally or illegally obtained be excluded from a criminal trial. | ||
| free exercise clause | a first amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion | ||
| incorporation doctrine | the legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the fourteenth amendment | ||
| libel | a written statement that unfairly or falsely harms the reputation of the person about whom it is made | ||
| prior restraint | A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case | ||
| right to privacy | The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government. | ||
| Near v. Minnesota | the 1931 Supreme Court decision holding that the first amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint. | ||
| Miranda v. Arizona | 1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel. | ||
| NAACP v. Alabama | The Supreme Court protected the right to assemble peaceably in this 1958 case when it decided the NAACP did not have to reveal its membership list and thus subject its members to harassment. | ||
| Roe v. Wade | 1973; state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted sta | permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. | |
| Schenck v. United States | A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. | ||
| probable cause | The situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested. In making the arrest, police are allowed legally to search for and seize incriminating evidence. | ||
| Gitlow v. New York | the 1925 supreme court decision holding that freedoms of press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the 14th amendment from impairment by the states" as well as by the federal government. (overtu | (overturned Barron v. Baltimore) |
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