Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Respiratory
respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Five functions of respiratory system | 1)Gas exchange for cellular respiration 2)Sound production 3)assistance in abdominal compression during micturition, defecation, and parturition 4)route for water and heat loss 5)coughing and sneezing out inhaled foreign matter |
| Internal respiration | process by which gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells |
| External respiration | gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and blood |
| Cellular respiration | cells use )2 for metabolism and give off CO2 as a waste product |
| Bronchial tree | trachea>right and left primary bronchi>secondary bronchi>tertiary bronchi>bronchioles>terminal bronchioles>alveolar ducts>alveolar sacs |
| Pulmonary alveoli | alveolar sacs are formed of many microscopic pulmonary alveoli |
| How many pulmonary alveoli are there | 300 million with 6 times the surface area of the body |
| Type II alveolar cells secrete what and for what | secrete surfactant to lower the surface tension inside the alveolus |
| What remove dust particles and other debris from the pulmonary alveolus? | alveolar macrophages |
| External intercostals muscles | elevate during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals muscles | contract during expiration |
| Hypoxia | a deprivation of O2 in tissues and organs |
| Eupnea | normal breathing |
| Dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing |
| Apnea | temporary cessation of respiration that may follow hyperventilation |
| Cheyne-strokes | periods of dyspnea followed by periods of apnea (leads to death if not stopped) |
| Respiration rate | 12-15 times per minute |
| O2 consumption | 250 ml O2 per minute at rest |
| Bronchoconstriction | decreased radius, and increased resistance to flow. Allergy induced spasm of the airways-maybe from histamine release or from parasympathetic stimulation |
| Bronchodilation | increased radius, and decreased resistance to airflow. Sympathetic stimulation controlled through epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Asthma | a disease characterized by recurrent attacks of dyspnea. Often an allergic response to plants, animals, or food products resulting in contraction of the bronchial muscles |
| Pneumonia | acute infection and inflammation of the lungs with exudation (accumulation of fluid) |
| Chronic bronchitis | a long term inflammatory condition of the lower respiratory airways, generally triggered by frequent exposure to irritating cigarette smoke, polluted air, or allergens. |
| Emphysema | collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls. Caused by excessive release of destruction enzymes such as trypsin from alveolar macrophages as a defense mechanism in response to chronic exposure to inhaled cigarette smoke or other irr |
| TV | tidal volume-volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during normal breathing 400-500ml |
| IRV | Inspiratory reserve volume-max volume beyond the tidal volume that can be inspired in one deep breath- 3000ml |
| ERV | expiratory reserve volume-max volume beyond the tidal volume that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal expiration- 1100 ml |
| RV | residual volume-air that remains in the lungs follwing a forceful expiration- 1200 ml |
| MRV | minute respiratory volume-volume of air moved in normal ventilation in one minute- 6000ml/min |
| AVV | alveolar ventilation volume-volume of air that actually ventilates the alveoli. A portion of inspired iar does not take part in gas exchange b/c it fills the air passageways (dead air). Dead air makes up about 30% of the tidal volume |
| How much of the tidal volume does dead air contribute | 30% |
| TLC | total lung coapacity-sum of the four lung volumes TV+ERV+IRV+RV=TLV=5700ml |
| VC | vital capacity- total amount of air that can be exchanged by the lungs- sum of the TV+IRV+ERV=4600 ml |
| Spirogram | record of pulmonary volumes and capacities |
| 6 Layers of the respiratory membrane | 1)surfactant 2)thin layer of fluid-water 3)alveolar epithelium 4)interstitial space 5)capillary basement membrane 6)capillary endothelium |
| surfactant | phospholipid protein decreases the surface tenstion of the fluids lining the alveoli and respiratory passages (Hyaline membrane disease or Respiratory distress syndrome) |
| Four factors affecting gaseous diffusion across the respiratory membrane | 1)thickness of the respiratory membrane 2)surface area of the membrane 3)diffusion coefficient of each gas 4)pressure difference across the membrane |
| Changes in the thickness of the respiratory membrane | edema in the lungs (left heart failure), pneumonia (edema in membrane and fluid in the lungs) |
| Changes in surface area of the membrane | emphysema-decrease in overall surface area |
| Changes in diffusion coefficient of each gas | O2 has a coefficient value of 1 (it’s the standard), CO2 has a coefficient of 20 (20 times more soluble than water) |
| Changes in pressure difference across the membrane | Pressure in Alveolus (O2=104, CO2=40) in capillary (O2=40 and goes to 104, CO2=45 and goes to 40) |
| Composition of atmospheric Air | N2=78.6, O2=20.8, CO2=0.04, H2O=0.5 |
| Composition of Alveolar air | N2=74.9, O2=13.6, CO2=5.3, H2O=6.2 |
| Composition of expired air | N2=74, O2=15.7, CO2=3.6, H2O=6.2 |
| Percent of O2 dissolved in blood | 1-3% |
| Percent of O2 carried by hemoglobin | 97-99% |
| What determines whether oxygen is bound or released from hemoglobin? | partial pressure of O2 |
| PO2 of O2 in atmospheric air | 21% of 760 mmHg=160mmHg |
| Alveolar PO2 and PCO2 | PO2=104mmHg, PCO2=40mmHg at sea level |
| Grams of Hb per 100 ml of blood | 15 grams |
| Ml of O2 per 1 gram of Hb | 1.34ml |
| Ml of O2 per 100 ml of blood | 20ml |
| Arterial blood is how saturated with O2 | 97% |
| Venous blood is how saturated with O2 | 75% |
| During exercise how saturated is arterial blood with O2 | 97% |
| During exercise how saturated is venous blood with O2 | 25% |
| the most important factor determing the % Hb saturation of O2 is what? | PO2 of the blood |
| factors affecting the O2-Hb dissociation curve | pH, PCO2, temperature, and 2,3-DPG |
| bohr effect | the O2-Hg dissociation curve shifting to the right from increased acidity, PCO2, temp, or 2,3-DPG |
| three major ways CO2 is transported | dissolved in blood (7-8%), carried by Hg forming carbaminohemoglobin(23-25%), as bicorbonate ion (65-70%) |
| two types of respiration control | neural and chemical |
| basic rhythm of repiration is controlled by what | medullary respiratory center in the brain stem |
| two subgroups in medullary respiratory center | dorsal and ventral |
| two other repiratory control centers in the pons | apneustic and pneumotaxic |
| dorsal respiratory group consits mainly of what | inspiratory neurons whose descending fibers stimulate inspiratory muscles. Serves as the major rhythm regulators |
| the ventral respiratory group contains | both inspiratory and expiratory neurons, which are inactive during quiet breathing, but become active during periods in whcih demands on ventailation are increased |
| pneumotaxic center functions | sends impulses to the dorsal neurons that help "switch off" the inspiratory neurons, thereby limiting hte duration of inspiration |
| apneustic center function | prevents the inpiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive |
| herring-breuer reflex | triggered to prevent overinflation of the lungs. Stretch receptors in the lungs are activated by the stretching of the lungs at large tidal volumes |
| two types of receptors in chemical control of respiration | peripheral and central |
| peripheral chemoreceptors | located in the carotid bodies of the aortic bodies and are stimulated by decreased PO2 and increased H+ concentrations |
| central chemoreceptors | located in the medulla and respond to changes in brain extracellular fluid levels of PCO2. Increased PCO2 stimulates respiration. |
Created by:
lotan
Popular Physiology sets