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Anthropology Exam 3
Study Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | A set of designs that help people respond to different situations. Shared ideas, attitudes, values, belief, morals. |
| World View | The beliefs, attitudes, and ideas concerning the way the world is. Lead to different experiences, different ways of solving problems, and conflict. |
| Herbert Spencer & Cultural Evolutionism | All cultures develop through the same stages in the same order. Cultures don't change, they improve. |
| W.H.R. Rivers & Diffusionism | Assumed some cultures were creative while others were not. Could not account for similarities between independent cultures. |
| Bronislaw Malinowski & Functionalism | Synchronic (ahistoric) approach. The function of cultural institutions is to satisfy biological needs. |
| Franz Boas & Historical Particularism | Each culture, and its history, is unique, yet comprised of elements diffused from other cultures. |
| Ruth Benedict & Culture and Personality | Each culture had a distinct personality type, wherein the most important values are shared by individual and culture alike. "People didn't have culture, culture had people" |
| Julian Steward | Culture is shaped by, and continually adapting to, the environment. |
| Cultural Anthropology | The study of extant (opposite of extinct) societies and cultures. |
| Ethnography (Greek for "People Writing") | The written description of a culture. |
| Emic Description | Culture-bound description (how a culture defines themselves) |
| Etic Description | outsider's description (how someone defines a different culture) |
| What are the five subsistence patterns? | Foraging. Pastoralism. Horticulture. Agriculture. Industrialism. |
| Foraging | Exploiting immediately available food resources |
| Pastoralism (Hint: Pasture) | Dependent on domesticated or semi-domesticated hear animals |
| Horticulture | Environment is transformed through plant domestication (Deals with simple crops, small scale) |
| Agriculture | Advanced technology (Dealing with cultivated fields, large scale) |
| Industrialism | Manufacturing and service industries dominant over agriculture (Ex: McDonalds) |
| The Jivaro | Suara - "the People" located in the eastern slopes of the Andes |
| Jivaro Subsistence | Swidden horticulture (65% of diet), Hunting (20%), Fishing (5%), Gathering (5%), Domesticated Animals (5%) |
| Nuŋuí | Earth Mother (Spirit believed to make crops grow). All she asks for is a clean garden is return. |
| Jivaro Marriage | Cross cousin, soroal polygyny preferred (sisterly relationship). Would only go after Cross Cousins, Never Parallel Cousins |
| Jivaro Pregnancy & Child Rearing | Children born in the mothers garden. Bathing encouraged, playing and joking are discouraged. |
| The 3 Jivaro Souls | Arutam Wakanï, Kakaram, & Nekàs wakanï. |
| The 3 Economic Types | Reciprocity, Redistribution, & Market Exchange. |
| Reciprocity | Mutual give-and-take among people of equal status. Generalized; Balanced; Negative. |
| Redistribution | Goods flow into a central place and are later redistributed. (Ex: Taxes) |
| Market Exchange | Buying and selling goods and services with prices set by supply and demand. |
| The 3 things that make up Social Stratification | Wealth, Power, Prestige. |
| Wealth | Accumulation of material goods considered to have value. |
| Power | The ability to control resources in one's own interest. |
| Prestige | Social honor or respect. |
| The 3 Societies | Egalitarian, Ranked, & Class |
| Egalitarian Societies | No social groups with greater/lesser access to wealth, power, and prestige (All equal) |
| Ranked Societies | Equal access to wealth and power, but not prestige. |
| Class Societies (Hint: The US) | Unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige. Inequality emerged with permanent communities, political systems, and intensive agriculture. |
| Linguistic Anthropology | The scholarly discipline that pursues the study of language (anatomy, history, evolution, and symbolism) |
| Language | A system of arbitrary symbols used to encode experiences and to communicate |
| Linguistic Anthropology is divided into 2 parts. | 1. Language Morphology 2. Dialects |
| Language Morphology is divided into 5 parts. | 1. Phones 2. Phonemes 3. Morphemes 4. Grammer 5. Lexicon |
| Phones (Hint: Greek for "Sound") | Sounds produced in a language (carry no meaning). |
| Phonemes (Hint: Greek for "A Sound Uttered") | Sounds that function to distinguish one word from another. (Aspirated/Unaspirated) |
| Morphemes (Hint: Greek for "Shape") | Smallest unit of meaning in a language. |
| Grammar (Hint: Greek for "Art of Letters") | Rules for combining words. |
| Lexicon (Hint: Greek for "To Say") | Vocabulary & Dictionary. |
| Human Languages are: | Open, Stimulus Free, Flexible, & Language Family. |
| Open Language | Infinite number of meanings can be expressed. |
| Stimulus Free Language | We don't need to experience something to talk about it. |
| Flexible Language | Capable of invention. |
| Language Family | A set of languages that share a common ancestor. |
| Dialects | Specific varieties of a language; varieties are mutually intelligible. |
Created by:
klein-andrew
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