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Physics Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To measure the temperature of a substance, you use a device called a ___________. | thermometer |
| If you transfer thermal ________ from one object to another, you are transferring heat. | energy |
| You pour very hot water into a teakettle with cool water; after 30 seconds, the teakettle's water is hot because ________ equilibrium was reached. | thermal |
| To determine the _________ of your friend's fever, you have him hold a thermometer in his mouth for one minute. | temperature |
| On a _______ thermometer, water freezes at 273.15, whereas water boils at 373.15. | Kelvin |
| Water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees on a ________ thermometer. | Celsius |
| To obtain an equal temperature in kelvins, you add _______ degrees to Celsius degrees. | 273.15 |
| To obtain an equivalent temperature in Celsius for a Fahrenheit reading, use the formula _____________. | C=5/9(F-32) |
| You record a temperature of 15 degrees C; to record the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, you would use the formula ____________. | F=9/5(C+32) |
| A previous belief was that heat was a substance called _______ that flowed from one object to another. | caloric |
| According to the _________ theory, scientists thought that heat was only in flammable materials. | phlogiston |
| The __________ theory of heat says that heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from one substance to another. | molecular |
| Molecules moving at a high speed have higher ______ energy than molecules moving at a low speed. | kinetic |
| _______ creates heat when two surfaces rub against each other. | Friction |
| A unit used to express heat on air conditioners, refrigerators, and heaters is the _________. | BTU |
| A measurement of heat used in dietary matters is the ________. | calorie |
| The calorie, a non-SI heat unit, is equivalent to ________. | 4.186 J |
| Most materials _________ when they are heated. | expand |
| Engineers use ________________ to figure out how much a bar will lengthen if it is heated. | linear thermal expansion |
| What is the formula for finding a solid's linear thermal expansion coefficient? | aL=1/L X ^L/^T |
| The amount a solid's volume expands when the solid is exposed to heat is defined as the _____________. | volumetric expansion |
| The formula to determine the coefficient of volume expansion is _________. | ^V=aV X V(^T) |
| The units specific heat capacity is expressed in are ___________. | kJ/kg X k |
| The amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of a substance a temperature of one degree Celsius, is the substance's ___________. | specific heat capacity |
| Frequently, a substance's specific heat capacity is compared to that of ________. | water |
| Though a metal, mercury is a liquid at room temperature (22 degrees C); at -38.83 degrees C, mercury becomes a solid and at 356.73 degrees C, mercury boils, transforming into a gas. At -38.83 degrees C and 356.73 degrees C, mercury is undergoing ________. | phase changes |
| The formula for specific heat capacity is __________. | Cp=Q/m^T |
| The amount of heat you add or take away from a substance to create a phase change is ________. | latent heat |
| If you add heat to ice to create liquid water, the heat energy is called ____________. | heat of fusion |
| If you heat water to create steam, the heat energy is _________. | heat of vaporization |
| Heat may be transferred by three methods: convection, conduction, and _________. | radiation |
| During the _________ of heat, heat moves between a substance's molecules. | conduction |
| The movement of excited molecules in a current during heat transfer is _________. | convection |
| Traveling electromagnetic waves transfer heat in the method of heat transfer called ________. | radiation |
| Since copper readily conducts electricity, it will also readily conduct ________. | heat |
| Thermal energy always ends up in an area of lower temperature after traveling there from an area of ________. | higher temperature |
| Number the following according to how tightly bound the molecules are in each of the substances, with 1 being most tightly and 3 being the least: gaseous tin, liquid tin, solid tin | 1. solid tin 2. liquid tin 3. gaseous tin |
| What states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed in any process, it can only be changed from one form into another and will be conserved? | the first law of thermodynamics |
| What states that energy systems are always increasing in entropy? | the second law of thermodynamics |
| What states that energy always exists in a system meaning that absolute zero can never be reached? | the third law of thermodynamics |
| What states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other? | the zeroth law of thermodynamics |
| What explains that energy always moves from a higher level of organization to a lower level of organization? | entropy |
| Energy can be converted from thermal energy to mechanical energy and no energy will be created or destroyed, but will be conserved according to what? | how thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy according to the first law of thermodynamics |
| If a mechanical system converts heat to mechanical energy, some energy will be lost because of inefficiency in the system according to what? | how thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy according to the second law of thermodynamics |
| The law of ________ is another name for the second law of thermodynamics. | entropy |
| An ideal machine would convert _________ of the fuel inputted to the machine into mechanical energy. | 100% |
| The formula Q=^U+W displays the relationship between _______ and work. | heat |
| The formula W=Fd is the formula for ________. | work |
| The formula PEi+KEi=PEf+KEf is the formula for the _______ law of thermodynamics. | first |
| The formula PEi+KEi=PEf+KEf+^U is the formula for the ________ law of thermodynamics. | second |
| The division of T(hot)-T(cold)/T(hot) will give you a machine's ______________. | ideal efficiency |
| What temperature is the limit beyond which no heat may be transferred out of a substance? | absolute zero or 0 K |
| The change in internal temperature is the difference between the formulas for the _______ and _______ laws of thermodynamics. | first;second |
| A closed system conserves all of its _______, but a certain amount of it will become unusable and dissipated as heat. | energy |
| A detrimental effect is exerted by ______ in energy-conversion systems. | entropy |
| The concept of entropy is that systems tend toward a state of ________. | disorder |
| You measure the temperature of liquid caramel candy with degrees Celsius, Celsius being a temperature ________. | scale |
| When you measure the temperature of liquid caramel candy on a thermometer, the caramel candy's thermal energy or _________ is transferred to the thermometer. | heat |
| Measuring liquid caramel candy's temperature with a thermometer requires time because you need to wait until _________ has been reached between the liquid candy and the thermometer. | thermal equilibrium |
| Ice at 32 degrees blankets your porch one winter day. To melt it, you pour boiling water at 212 degrees upon the ice. What scale are you using? | Fahrenheit |
| When caramel liquid candy reaches a temperature at 236 degrees F on a thermometer, you need to remove it from the heat source. What formula would you use to obtain an equal Celsius reading? | C=5/9(F-32) |
| To translate a Celsius temperature reading into a Kelvin temperature, what formula would you use? | T=C+273.15 |
| The temperature at which all molecular motion will theoretically cease is _____________. | absolute zero |
| The idea that heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from one substance to another is the mainstay of the ________ theory of heat. | molecular |
| In an earlier theory, scientists thought ________ was a substance that flowed from one object to another. | caloric |
| Before, scientists believed that _________ was heat found only in flammable materials. | phlogiston |
| To create a phase change in a material, you need to add or subtract an amount of heat called _________. | latent heat |
| If you rub a rock on a gravel road, you create heat in the form of _________. | friction |
| To change a substance from a solid to a liquid, you add latent heat called _________. | heat of fusion |
| To convert a substance from liquid to gas, you add a latent heat called ________. | heat of vaporization |
| In convection, the excited molecules of a substance move in a _______. | current |
| In the heat transfer method of radiation, traveling ________ waves are responsible for transferring heat. | electromagnetic |
| The law of ________ may be used for the second law of thermodynamics. | entropy |
| The difference between the formulas for the first and second laws of thermodynamics is the change in _______ temperature. | internal |
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jhincks
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