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AICP Mega-Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Question | Answer |
| What book did Christopher Stone write in 1972? | Should Trees Have Standing |
| In what year was the SZEA issued? | 1926 |
| What is the stated, or face, value of a bond? | Par value |
| What is a technique for identifying recharge areas to public wells that uses computer simulations to approximate groundwater flow; can be used to simulate flow and transport of contaminants? | Numerical flow models |
| What percentage of underground fuel tanks does EPA estimate are leaking? | 25% |
| Which amendment states that private property can't be taken without compensation, and provides for due process of law? | Fifth Amendment |
| What are the seven steps in a waste audit? | ID waste stream; ID sources; prioritize for waste minimization activity; screen alternatives; implement; track; evaluate progress |
| What is required by many states in return for local government property tax abatements for farmland or forest preservation? | Right of first refusal |
| What is a moraine? | Rock material deposited directly by a glacier and left in piles |
| What book did Richard Babcock write in 1969? | The Zoning Game |
| Which section of the Clean Water Act and Point and NPS Control Program provides $ to states for developing NPS pollution control programs to protect groundwater quality? | Section 319 |
| What does "non-IRA tribe" mean? | Tribe that did not choose to organize under the 1934 Indian Reorganizatoin Act |
| Name three arguments used to defend the deed restrictions as advancing legitimate state interests in Nollan v. Calif. Coastal Commission? | Nollan's house would: interfere with visual access; create a psychological barrier; and increase the use of public beaches |
| An appeal to a zoning board of appeals decision would be most likely filed with whom? | State superior level court |
| Name the year and location for George Pullman's model industrial town? | 1880 in Pullman, Illinois |
| What does "fee simple" mean? | Someone owns land outright, with all rights associated with land ownership |
| What is an easement? | Acquisition or control of a portion of property rights by someone other than the landowner |
| Statutes requiring competitive bids are meant to benefit whom? | The taxpayer |
| What was the central finding of Rutgers U. v. Piluso? | NJ Supreme Court ruled that Rutgers (state university) was not to be thwarted or restricted by local land use regulations. |
| What factor would be considered relevant in determining whether a state government unit is immune from local land use regs? | The nature and scope of the instrumentality |
| What map would be most helpful in determining development patterns of a city? | City assessor plats |
| What do "inclusionary ordinances" require? | Set-aside of land or money to construct affordable housing, within a subdivision or elsewhere in the community |
| What is a "primary recharge area"? | Permeable deposits directly overlaying a sand and gravel aquifer |
| What are two water quality considerations of primary recharge areas? | They provide little or no attenuation of contaminants, and travel time from surface to aquifer is rapid |
| What is the key indicator of a variance? | Hardship |
| A road with a speed limit over 25 mph would service how many dwelling units and be how wide? | 20+ units and 22+ feet wide |
| At what benchmark does housing become unaffordable? | 30% of gross income goes toward mortgage payments |
| What are two ways that wetlands defined? | 1) Areas often inundated or saturated by surface or ground water, supporting vegetation adapted for saturated soil 2) waters of the U.S., inluding deep-water habitats; interstate, coastal and inland navigable waters and tribs; and other waters, including |
| What law refers to wetlands as "waters of the United States"? | Section 404 of the Clean Water Act |
| What is a sand filter system? | A wastewater treatment system consisting of beds of sand built over drainpipes that collect wastewater after it has been filtered |
| What are some advantages of a sand filter system? | High degree of treatment after initial filtering process (septic tank or primary treatment); low cost; widely used; low operator attention |
| What ROW or layout width is typical of a minor arterial or secondary road? | 70-90 feet |
| What level of threat do septage lagoons pose to groundwater for drinking? | high threat, due to concentrated storage of accumulated septage |
| How do you calculate FAR? | Dive the total floor area of a building by the area of the lot |
| The Edwards Aquifer in Texas is an example of what type? | Karst (limestone) aquifer |
| What would a "supply/push analysis" determine? | The sales capacity of the community and market area, to determine if new commercial outlets will attract more consumers and improve the local economy |
| What is a general fund? | The collection of monies from various sources, mixed or commingled for the purposes of providing general government services and functions. |
| What is a priate sewage treatment facility (PSTF)? | Small-scale sewage treatment owned by a private entity and processing 10-25 thousand gallons of sanitary waste |
| How do PSTFs work and where are they used? | PSTFs use a combination of bio-mechanical treatment unit and subsurface discharge, and are used in residential subdivisions and small commercial/industrial developments. |
| What natural resource does an underground injection well most threaten? | Drinking water supplies/groundwater |
| What medium is recommended for graphic presentation to a meeting of 150 people? | 35 mm slides |
| What are bimodal numbers? | A grouping of numbers that has two or more modes. Example: (1,1,2,2,3,3) |
| How are active vs. passive recreational activities determined? | Infrastructure required; impact to the environment; cost |
| How is "time of travel" determined? | Consider the physical processes and flow velocities of groundwater and contaminants |
| What is the common range for time of travel thresholds? | 2 to 50 years |
| What is contract zoning? | Zoning authority rezones a parcel or district to accommodate a private interest, while setting unique limitations or restrictions that the owner must accept. |
| What is the EPRCA? | Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1968; also referred to as SARA Title III. |
| What does the EPRCA regulate? | extremely hazardous substances: 366 toxic, reactive, volatile, dispersible and flammable chemicals that can cause serious irreversible health effects from accidental release. |
| What is assimilative capacity criteria based on? | Attenuation of contaminants before they reach a well. (This has been used in New England to regulate nitrogen loading within delineated recharge areas.) |
| What is an esker? | A long, narrow, twisting hill of gravel and sand deposits found in an area once covered by ice. |
| What level of threat do stormwater drains pose to groundwater for drinking water? | Medium threat; they are often a conduit to the subsurface. |
| What is an unconfined aquifer? | An aquifer not in contact with atmospheric pressure, because the groundwater system is not overlain by low-permeability deposit (clay, rock) |
| What is a general resource for identifying wetlands? | The National Wetlands Inventory |
| When was Medicare put into place and by whom? | In 1965 as part of the Great Society program of Lyndon Johnson |
| What is an enterprise fund? | Fund or account established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity: parking garage, zoo, etc. |
| What entity typically enforces septic regs? | Local board of health |
| What level of threat do dry cleaning establishments pose to groundwater for drinking? | High threat, due to use of numerous toxic and hazardous substances |
| What is the cash method of tax accounting? | Income is included only as it is actually received. Deductions are only authorized when expenses are actually paid. |
| What are solute transport models? | Models used to predict water quality impacts to groundwater at a specific location, such as downgrade from a landfil or at point of sewage discharge |
| How does nitrogen behave when released to ground? | It mixes readily with water and does not degrade as it moves in the aquifer; it can travel great distances and deliver high concentrations |
| How do hydrocarbon products behave when released to ground? | They degrade by naturally-occurring bacteria as they move through the aquifer; movement is retarded by reactions between the contaminant and organic material in the soil and sediments, slowing the rate of travel and allowing time to attenuate. |
| How does bacteria behave when released to ground? | Bacteria is filtered out or trapped in pore spaces of an aquifer sediment and do not usually travel significant distances. |
| What landmark Supreme Court case states that "if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking?" | Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 1922--Justice Holmes' famous quote |
| What approach for reviewing takings claims was established in PA Coal v. Mahon? | "Balancing of interests" approach |
| What is a dedication requirement? | Requirement that developers set aside, or dedicate, open space, land for roads and infrastructure, etc. within a subdivision |
| How many square feet are in an acre? | 43,560 square feet |
| What is a bargain sale? | Used to secure full title to land below appraised value, a bargain sale is a combination of a donation and sale of land that may result in tax deductions when given to a govt. or land trust |
| What is a negative easement? | A deed restriction on the uses of property, prohibiting certain types of land development or uses; example: restrictions against constructing buildings, signs or billboards along roadways. |
| What is a positive easement? | Provides property rights to someone other than the owner; often used to provide access over a parcel to reach another. |
| Is an oral easement enforcable? | No; it is freely revocable. Easements should be put in writing. |
| What is "arbitrary fixed radii"? | A technique for identifying recharge areas in which a circle of a specified radius is drawn around the well being protected; does not rely on site-specific information. |
| What is Chicago's most famous public park? | Grant Park |
| What is San Francisco's most famous public park? | Golden Gate Park |
| What is Boston's most famous public park? | Public Gardens |
| What is Philadelphia's most famous public park? | Fairmount Park |
| How many advisory rulings has been issued by AICP? | Six: Sexual harassment; conflict of interest; moonlighting; honesty in use of information; duties to enforce code of ethics; disclosure of information gained in a professional relationship |
| What are three possible financial incentives of a conservation easement? | Local property tax reduction; federal income tax deduction; federal estate tax reduction. Requires an appraisal. |
| Name seven "protections" typically included in wetlands protection programs? | Protection of: wildlife habitat, fisheries, land containing shellfish, public and private water supplies, groundwater supply, flood control, and prevention of pollution |
| What analysis would generate results indicating income levels in the study area? | Housing demand analysis uncovers income levels of homeowners and renters within a study area. |
| Describe the unique groundwater threat posed by Karst geology? | Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) are somewhat soluble in water; circulating groundwater can create large pore spaces and conduits of water; large objects can be transmitted over long distances; filtration effects are minimal |
| What is the elevation shown in parentheses: V6(el.15')? | The elevation at the top of the hypothetical wave of at least 3 feet in height, occurring during the 100-year storm. |
| What do the numbers represent in the following: A12 (el.11') Flood Zone? | BFE=11 feet; elevation zone= A12 |
| What is often required of a nonconforming septic system upon transfer of title? | Septic system upgrade conforming to current standards |
| What is a performance standard (or performance requirement)? | Special or conditional use permits are used to regulate development based on its performance or impact on natural resources. The permit is only granted if the development "performs" according to certain criteria. |
| When was NEPA passed? | In 1969 during Nixon's first term. |
| Name three ways a computerized traffic model can be used. | Test the impact on traffic different land use scenarios; test the effectiveness of various physical improvements; test the impact of future zoning amendments |
| What classification of road requires a paved width of 50-80 feet? | Minor arterials |
| What kind of easement affects property abutting the holder? | Appurtenant easement |
| What analysis would generate results indicating the community's population cohorts? | Analysis of housing demand |
| What are bills? | IOUs with maturities in one year or less; municipalities do not issue them |
| Phosphates contaminate what kind of natural resources? | Surface water systems (not wetlands) |
| The case Spur vs. Webb discussed what doctrine? | Coming to the nuisance |
| What is the major holding of 1930 Jones v. LA? | Nonconforming uses can be regulated, but the property interest cannot be destroyed without compensation |
| In what year was ASPO founded and who was the first president? | 1934; Alfred Bettman |
| What percentage of fertilizer applied in urban and agricultural areas ultimately leaches into groundwater? | 30% |
| What law and subtitle banned new unprotected USTs? | RCRA Subtitle I -- Underground Storage Tanks--1985 |
| How is the boundary of a wetland defined? | Wetlands include open water bodies and vegetated wetlands; many state/local rules define wetlands in their own manner |
| In groundwater modeling to delineate wellhead areas, what dimension is most important? | The horizontal position of the well within the model. (If the well is too close to the boundaries of the model, results will be skewed). |
| An age group in the 75% percentile has what percentage of the population above it? | 25% |
| What is a zero-coupon bond? | A zero-coupon bond accrues interest and is paid upon maturity; no interest is paid while the loan is outstanding. |
| Name three components that should be analyized to determine whether a real estate investment will make financial sense? | The investment's tax effect, cash flow, and future benefits |
| What is the water that saturates the pore spaces between sand, gravel, or in bedrock fractures called? | Groundwater |
| What is a short-term note sold in anticipate of a bond issue? | Bond anticipation notes (BANs) are retired by proceeds from the sale of the bonds. |
| What unit of government typically establishes the regulation of septic systems? | State health regulations (although they may be administered by local or county govt.) |
| What are the three scales used in the USGS topographic map series? | Scales of 1:25,000, 1:50,000, and 1:100,000 |
| What federal law requires the registration and labeling of pesticides that may affect the environment? Who enforces it? | FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. States implement the FIFRA rules. |
| What is a legal right or claim upon property which attaches to the property called? | A lien, which remains on the property until a debt is satisfied. |
| What is an easement held by a party who is NOT an abutter called? | Easement in gross. (Land trusts are typical holders of this type of easement, which grants specific rights of access or control over the property). |
| What is regulated "from the cradle to the grave" under the RCRA--Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976? | Hazardous wastes: material that can pose a substantial threat to public health or the environment if improperly managed. |
| What is a measure of the organic material that can be readily oxidized through microbial decomposition, consuming oxygen dissolved in water ? | BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) |
| What is the land area that contributes recharge immediately adjacent to a public water supply well? | Zone of influence; most heavily regulated portion of recharge area; often a 400 foot radius (12 acres) |
| Stating that "phased growth is well within the gambit of enabling legislation," what case confirmed the principle that communities can regulate growth based upon their ability to provide services demanded by the growth? | Golden v. Ramapo, 1972 |
| What is the population project technique that allocates a projected population expansion to subregional areas called? | Shift-share approach |
| What map identifies both soil types and slope indications? | Natural Resources Conservation Service soil survey maps |
| What in high concentrations, such as greater than .10 mg/liter, may cause algal blooms in lakes and ponds? | Phosphorus |
| The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) required states to prepare what program or plan as a prerequisite for federal dollars? | Outdoor recreation plans, or SCORPS, used to guide local plans |
| What growth management technique would likely be used to control growth to coincide with a capital improvements plan? | Building permit caps, which time the issuance of building permits to coincide with the community's ability to support development and its demands |
| What map is most useful as a base map for overlay constraint mapping? | USGS topographic maps |
| The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) fulfills the goals and objectives of what federal program? | NEPA (1969) |
| What does an income statement project? | Net or gross income over a period of time |
| What does a cash flow statement project? | The timing of incoming payments |
| What are the two basic types of statistical groupings? | Quantitative groups variables into ordered class intervals; qualitative groups variables into disparate categories. |
| What is permafrost? | Land that is permanently frozen |
| What is a location quotient? | The ratio of total local employment of an industry to that industry nationally |
| What are location quotients used for? | To determine the ratio of total local employment of a specific industry to that of the industry on a national basis |
| What technique would be most effective for a community to employ as it seeks to protect its reservoir from contamination? | Purchase undeveloped land for passive conservation |
| What is a rational nexus test? | This test requires a rational or logical connection of approval for a project and the minimization of harm the condition seeks to accomplish. |
| In which two cases has the US Supreme Court placed limiting factors on "adjudicative" or "discretionary" decisions? | Nollan v. Calif. Coastal Commission, 1987 (rational nexus test); Dolan v. City of Tigard, 1994 (rough proportionality) |
| What kind of local government decisions are limited by the rational nexus and rough proportionality tests? | Adjudicative, or discretionary, decisions |
| What important principle was established in Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)? | The extraction must be "roughly proportional" in both size and scope relative to the harm the condition or extraction seeks to miminize. |
| What important principle eas established in 1930 Jones v. Los Angeles? | Zoning is prospective, meaning forward-looking, not retroactive; protects legal nonconforming uses |
| What kind of analysis would generate results indicating home ownership or rental patterns? | Analysis of housing supply |
| Kevin Lynch's "Making Sense of a Region" focuses on the theme that regions have what? | A "sensory quality". Communities and regions are best understood and protected by understanding the sensory quality of places; how they look, feel, smell, and sound. |
| A cumulative nitrogen loading analysis could be required of a developer to protect what resource? | Groundwater (and also coastal resources) |
| What is the definition of an aquifer? | An aquifer is a geologic unit capable of yielding usable amounts of drinking water. |
| When was the CZMA adopted? | 1972--same year as the Clean Water Act. |
| What does the CZMA fund? | Coastal state programs designed to coordinate and regulate specific activities within defined coastal zones. |
| What map is useful in illustrating aerial relationships? | USGS orthophoto quads provide aerial photography for selected locations. |
| What type of rate is the annual rate of interest payable on a bond, usually expressed as a percentage of the principal amount, which the borrower promises to pay to the bondholder? | The coupon rate (or bond interest rate) |
| "Certain land uses cannot be reasonably allocated on the inflexible basis of legislated zoning districts" justifies what tool? | Special exceptions or special permits, which allow for flexibility in the otherwise rigid application of Euclidean zoning. |
| What is the name for a roof with a double pitch on opposing sides of a vertical gable wall? | Gambrel roof--an adaptation and expansion of the gable roof that is double pitched on both sides (front and back) to provide for maximum use of the space under the roof |
| What is a surface to which water in an aquifer would rise by hydrostatic pressure called? | potentiometric surface |
| In an unconfined aquifer, what is the potentiometric surface? | The water table |
| In a confined aquifer, upon what does the potentiometric surface depend? | The hydrostatic pressure |
| What does "dual sovereignty" refer to? | Federal and state government reign supreme in their separate spheres; local governments are creatures of the states, lacking inherent powers. |
| Describe a generalized method of determining a community's unemployment rate? | Individuals 16 years of age and older divided by individuals employed plus those unemployed who are 16 years of age and older |
| What is the value assigned to a piece of property by a municipality for real estate purposes called? | assessed valuation (not the same as a market valuation) |
| What does an aerobic organism require for survival? | Free oxygen |
| How do you calculate the median of an even amount of numbers? | Average the two midpoint values |
| When was HUD created? | 1965 as part of Johnson's "Great Society" program |
| Against what should groundwater models be calibrated? | Observed conditions and field data; test the model against more than one set of known conditions |
| What level of threat do vehicular services pose to groundwater used for drinking water? | High threat. Gasoline service stations, auto body repair shops and "parts yards", similar to junkyards, represent a serious threat to groundwater quality. |
| What did the Indian Reorganization Act provide for? | The 1934 Act allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare. |
| How many contaminants does EPA regulate under the 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act? | 83 |
| What term refers to tides that are higher than normal? | Spring tides are higher than normal high tides and can be observed every two weeks when the earth and moon align. |
| How much agricultural land is lost annually in the U.S.? | 2.2 million acres |
| How much agricultural land is in the U.S.? | nearly 1 billion acres |
| How many acres does it take to feed a U.S. resident vs. globally? | 25 acres vs. 7 acres per person |
| What is the dominant land use in the U.S.? | Agriculture |
| How many acres of "prime agricultural land" in the U.S.? | 240 million acres (25% is in metro areas) |
| How many Native American reservations are in the U.S.? | 275 |
| How many reservations are entirely tribal-owned land? | half |
| What is the largest Indian reservation? | Navajo; 16 million acres across three states |
| How much land does the federal government hold in trust for native reservations? | 56.2 million acres (40 million in Alaska) |
| Who is the trustee of federally-owned reservations? | Secretary of the Interior |
| What portion of the U.S. is federally-owned? | 1/3 of the 2.2 billion acres in the US |
| What two agencies manage most publicly owned lands? | Dept. of Interior's Bureau of Land Management and USDA's Forest Service |
| How many acres of national forest in the U.S.? | 191 million acres |
| What aquifer underlies 20% of the irrigated lands in the U.S.? | High Plains Aquifer |
| What is the average daily water consumption for household use? | 50 gallons |
| What is the total per capita daily usage of water? | 120-180 gallons (this includes watering lawns, industrial use, etc.) |
| What is now the main threat to U.S. water supplies? | Non-point source pollution |
| What percentage of U.S. waterways do not meet Clean Water Act "drinkable/swimmable" standards? | 40% |
| What are the six key pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act? | Nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, ("NOX and SOX"); carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, and particulates |
| What are the two major factors impacting air quality (beside pollutants)? | Temperature and wind speed; ozone (smog) builds up in head and humidity |
| What is a common maximum noise standard for communities? | 65 decibels |
| George Perkins Marsh: Book, year, contribution? | Man and Nature, 1864. Explored human impacts on natural environment; inspired conservationist movement |
| John Wesley Powell: Book, year, contribution? | Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the US, 1878. Proposed regional plan to foster settlement of arid west and conserve scarce water resources |
| John Muir: Major contribution? | Founded Sierra Club in 1892 to promote protection and preservation of the natural environment |
| Theodore Roosevelt: Year, contribution? | Took office in 1901; staunch supporter of burgeoning conservationist movement |
| Inland Waterway Commission: Year, purpose? | Est. 1907 by Teddy Roosevelt; encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development, including navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, and water supply |
| Gifford Pinchot: Year, position, contribution? | First professionally trained forester; in 1905, became first director of U.S. Forest Service; leader of the conservation movement; advocated conservation and scientific management of natural resources |
| William Whyte: Year, book, contribution? | 1959, The Last Landscape; coined the term greenway; wrote pioneering study about conservation easements |
| Rachel Carson: Year, book, contribution? | 1962, Silent Spring, brought attention to harmful effects of pesticides |
| USGS: Year, purpose? | 1879; survey and classify all public domain lands |
| First national wildlife refuge: year, location, purpose? | 1903, Pelican Island, Florida; established by Teddy Roosevelt to protect the Brown Pelican |
| National Park Service: Year, purpose? | 1916; conserve and preserve natural resources, parks, and historic sites |
| Metropolitan Water District of Southern California: Year, purpose? | 1927, to bring water from the Colorado River to southern California |
| Civilian Conservation Corps: Year, purpose? | Created in 1933 to provide work for unemployed youth and preserve natural resources |
| Tennessee Valley Authority: Year, purpose, significance? | 1933; rehabilitate and redevelop the Tennessee Valley; most famous experiment in river-basin planning |
| Taylor Grazing Act: Year, purpose? | 1934; regulated the use of the Western range for conservation purposes |
| Natural Resources Planning Board: Year, purpose? | 1939; Prepare comprehensive plans for public works; abolished in 1943 |
| Grand Coulee Dam: Year, location, significance? | 1941; Columbia River in Washington State; largest concrete structure in U.S.; for irrigation, power and flood control |
| First Earth Day: Date? | April 22, 1070 |
| First satellite to capture high-res images of earth's surface? | Landsat, 1972 |
| What is a DRI? | Development of Regional Impact; large-scale development likely to have regional effects beyond local municipal boundary; some states require environmental review |
| What case established the "hard look" doctrine for environmental impact review? | 1971, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe |
| What was the central finding of 1971, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe? | Sec. of Transportation's decision to construct a highway through public park in Memphis was overturned; no consideration had been given to finding an alternate rate that would minimize harm to the park |
| What was the central finding of 1971, Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee vs. US Atomic Energy Commission? | Agency did not comply with NEPA (1969) because it failed to make environmental considerations to the fullest extent possible |
| What was the significance of 1972, Just v. Marinette County? | Wisconsin: Environmental protection regs are a reasonable exercise of the police power; do not amount to a taking without just compensation; natural state of the shore land is a public interest superseding individual property rights |
| What was the central finding of 1972, Sierra Club vs. Morton? | Sierra Club did not have standing to sue the US Forest Service to stop a ski resort in Sequoia National Forest because it had not suffered economic, aesthetic, or environmental injury |
| What was the significance of 1978, TVA v. Hill? | Endangered Species Act: Secretary of the Interior has the authority to decide if a federal activity threatens or endangers a listed species; halted the $100 m. Tellico Dam project for the Tennessee snail darter |
| What was the significance of 1980, Agins v. Tiburon? | U.S. Supreme Court: Governmental action was not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate government interest; downzoning to preserve open space did not result in a taking of property |
| What case removed the "substantially advances" test of Agins v. Tiburon? | 2005, Lingle v. Chevron; the "substantially advances" principle is not appropriate for evaluating a regulatory taking claim |
| What case established the "permanent physical presence" test for a regulatory taking? | 1982, Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp. |
| What case established the "total takings" test for a regulatory taking requiring compensation? | 1992, Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council |
| What does a Line Function deal with? | Line Functions deal primarily with direct services such as police and fire services. |
| What does a Staff Function deal with? | Staff functions deal with general services such as providing information or services to the Line units. |
| In what year was the first National Conference on City Planning? | 1909 |
| Year and purpose of the Civil Rights Act? | In 1964, the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation. |
| When was PPBS developed and what is its major focus? | Developed in the 1960s; focused on planning, not budgeting |
| What are the three steps in PPBS? | Organized by program (not functional object); extends programs into future to look at spending implications; all programs are put through quantitative analysis |
| What was the first metropolitan plan in the U.S.? | Daniel Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago |
| What is the cohort survival method used for? | Forecasting future populations (as opposed to estimating current population) |
| What are the 4 basic steps of the cohort survival method? | Age the population; estimate the number of births and deaths; consider in and out migration; project a future population. |
| What are two examples of data used for the symptomatic method? | Electrical hookups; building permits issued |
| What is the symptomatic method used for? | Estimating current population (not forecasting) |
| What year was the ADA signed into law? | 1990 |
| Where was Clarence Perry's Neighborhood Unit published? | The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs, 1929 (Volume VII) |
| What case allowed the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth? | 1979, Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, NY |
| Designed to be homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics and economic status, what average about 4,000 inhabitants? | Census Tracts |
| What is also known as the Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill? | The 1949 Housing Act |
| What was the first comprehensive housing legislation in the US? | The 1949 Housing Act |
| The 1949 Housing Act inaugurated what program? | Urban redevelopment program; aimed to construct 800,000 units |
| In what book does Charles Lindblom write against the basic assumption that central control is necessary in a democracy? | "The Intelligence of Democracy," 1965 |
| What planning and budgeting system focused on evaluating and ranking outputs? | Project Management (PM), developed in the 1960s; looked at value of outputs rather than cost inputs |
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